Armée catholique et royale de Vendée
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Armée catholique et royale de Vendée |
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|---|---|
 One of the standards held |
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| active | 1793 to 1800 |
| Country |
 France
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| Armed forces |
 Army of the Vendée
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| Strength | up to 80,000 |
| Nickname | La Grande Armée |
| Patron saint | Saint-Maurice d'Agaune |
| motto | Pour Dieu et le Roi |
| Colours | White |
| Butcher | Vendée uprising |
| commander | |
| Important commanders |
Jacques Cathelineau , |
The Armée catholique et royale de Vendée also called Grande Armée (Catholic and Royal Army of the Vendée) was the counterrevolutionary force that was deployed against the central government during the uprising in the Vendée . It was divided into three parts:
- the "Catholic and Royal Central Army" (Armée catholique et royale du Center)
- the "Catholic and Royal Army of Anjou and Haut-Poitou" (Armée catholique et royale d'Anjou et du Haut-Poitou)
- the "Catholic and Royal Army of Bas-Poitou" (Armée catholique et royale du Bas-Poitou) - but this was only occasionally involved.
The main military leaders were:
- Jacques Cathelineau
- Charles Melchior Artus de Bonchamps
- Maurice Joseph Louis Gigost d'Elbée
- François Athanase de Charette de la Contrie
- Henri de La Rochejaquelein
- Louis de Salgues de Lescure
- Jean-Nicolas Stofflet
- Jacques-Nicolas de Fleuriot de La Freulière
- Charles de Royrand
- Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie
- Antoine-Philippe de La Trémoille
Naming
When the Vendée rose in mid-March 1793, the rebel groups, who were under the command of Charles Artus de Bonchamps, called themselves the "Christian Army". At the end of the month, however, other names appeared: "Catholic and Roman army" and "Catholic and royal army". As early as 1792, when he was preparing the third field camp near Jalès in Bas-Languedoc, the Comte François-Louis de Saillans had the title of "General of the Christian and Royal Army of the East" (Général de l'Armée chrétienne et royale de l'Orient) (the historian Claude Petitfrère sees in all these melodious titles, however, no popular will, but rather that they were all shaped by like-minded nobles).
In the course of 1793 several armies could be distinguished: the “Armée de Charte” (Charte Army) in the “Marais Breton” (a coastal strip in the Vendée); the "Armée catholique et royale d'Anjou et du Haut-Poitou" (Catholic and Royal Army of Anjou and Haut-Poitou) and the "Armée du Bas-Poitou et du Pays de Retz" (Army of Bas-Poitou and des Pays de Retz) south of the Loire .
The groups of the Chouans who joined the troops from the Vendée north of the Loire during the Virée de Galerne were called "Armée catholique et royale du Bas-Anjou et de la Haute-Bretagne" (Catholic and royal army of Bas-Anjou and Haute-Bretagne).
Despite these pompous titles, it was only more or less armed groups that rallied around a leader who, because of his authority, was at the top.
The only units with an almost permanent existence and a certain organization were the members of the various parishes in the country. They were made up of relatives, friends, or neighbors who chose their captains. While two-thirds of all insurgents were peasants, they only made up half of the members of these units. The rest were artisans, shopkeepers and a few weavers from the Mauges .
The weak points of this army were the rudimentary medical and supply services as well as the lack of constantly available fighters, although they were repeatedly replaced by the influx of republican deserters , customs officers , tax collectors and Germans and Swiss who had left the regular army received. Equipment and ammunition supplies were also inadequate. The cavalry did not exist in reality, only the aristocratic leaders, some gamekeepers and members of the tax authorities, as well as farmers and millers mounted on draft horses were mounted. The artillery was also in poor shape, with only a few medieval cannons that had been taken from the castles , plus a few field guns that had been captured by the Republicans. It was therefore not possible to face an open field battle or to breach the walls of a city, which one had to learn with pain during the siege of Granville (Manche) .
After the Battle of Savenay , the army restored on paper had less of a real existence than ever before, and the uprising attempting to restore the Bourbon monarchy turned into the guerrilla warfare of the Chouannerie .
Generals of the Vendé Army
Antoine-Philippe de La Trémoille , Prince de Talmont
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Organization of the force
March to June 1793
- Saint-Florent-le-Vieil division , 12,000 men
- Commander: General Charles Artus de Bonchamps
- Commanding officer: General Jacques Cathelineau
- Cholet and Beaupréau division , 9,000 men
- Commanding officer: General Maurice Gigost d'Elbée
- Maulevrier division , 3,000 men
- Commander: General Jean-Nicolas Stofflet
- Châtillon-sur-Sèvre division , 7,000 men
- Commanding officer: General Henri du Vergier de La Rochejaquelein
- Bressuire division , 6,000 men
- Commanding officer: General Louis de Salgues de Lescure
- Argenton-les-Vallées division , 2000 men
- Commanding officer: General Dominique Jaudonnet de Laugrenière
- Loroux division , 3,000 men
- Commanding officer: General François de Lyrot de La Patouillère
- cavalry
- Commanding officer: General Jean-Louis de Dommaigné
June / July 1793
- Armée catholique et royale de Vendée
- Commander: Generalissimo Jacques Cathelineau († 1793, mortally wounded in the Battle of Nantes), successor:
- Commanding officer: Generalissimo Maurice Gigost d'Elbée
- Chief of Staff: Jean-Nicolas Stofflet
- cavalry
- Commander: General Jean-Louis de Dommaigné († 1793 in the Battle of Saumur), successor:
- Commanding officer: General Antoine-Philippe de La Trémoille de Talmont
- Deputy: General Henri Forestier
- artillery
- Commanding officer: General Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny
- Anjou division
- Commander: General Charles Artus de Bonchamps
- Deputy: Charles Marie de Beaumont d'Autichamp
- Poitou division
- Commanding officer: General Louis de Salgues de Lescure
- Deputy: Henri du Vergier de La Rochejaquelein
- Division du Center
- Commanding officer: General Charles de Royrand
- Deputy: Chevalier de Cumont
- Lower Vendée division
- Commanding Officer: General Guy Joseph de Donnissan
July to October 1793
- Armée catholique et royale de Vendée
- Commander in Chief: Maurice Gigost d'Elbée
- Chief of Staff: Jean-Nicolas Stofflet
- Governor General: Guy Joseph de Donnissan
- Deputy: Charles de Royrand
- cavalry
- Commanding officer: General Antoine-Philippe de La Trémoille
- Deputy: Henri Forestier
- artillery
- Commanding officer: General Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny
- Deputy: you Perrault
- Angers Army and Breton companies
- Commander: General Charles Artus de Bonchamps
- Armée of Anjou
- Commanding officer: General Louis de Salgues de Lescure
- Armée des Poitou
- Commanding officer: General Henri du Vergier de La Rochejaquelein
- Armée des Bas-Poitou and Pays de Retz
- Commanding officer: General François-Athanase de Charette de La Contrie
November / December 1793
- Armée catholique et royale de Vendée
- Commander in Chief: General Henri de La Rochejaquelein
- Governor General: Guy Joseph de Donnissan
- Chief of Staff: Jean-Nicolas Stofflet
- Adjutant General: Augustin de Hargues
- Deputy: Chevalier de Duhoux
- Paymaster General: de Beauvollier l'aîné
- Pioneer Commander: d'Obenheim
- Divisional General: des Essarts
- Deputy: Chevalier de Beauvollier
- cavalry
- Commanding officer: General Antoine-Philippe de La Trémoille
- Deputy: Henri Forestier
- artillery
- Commanding officer: General Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny
- Deputy: de Perrault
- Angers division and Breton companies
- Commanding officer: General Jacques Nicolas Fleuriot de La Fleuriais
- Deputy: Charles de Beaumont d'Autichamp
- Anjou division
- Commander: General Piron de La Varenne
- Deputy: Pierre-Louis de La Ville-Baugé
- Center Division
- Commanding officer: General Charles de Royrand
The Vendéens
The peasant soldiers
The royalist insurgents (Vendéens), called brigands by the republicans , originally came:
- in the south from the Maine-et-Loire department
- in the north two thirds from the Vendée department
- in the north from the Deux-Sèvres department
- in the south from the Loire-Atlantique department
thus the provinces of Poitou, Anjou and Brittany were affected. The area occupied by the royalists was called "Vendée militaire".
Pierre-Suzanne Lucas de La Championnière, an officer in the “Catholic and Royal Army of Bas-Poitou and Pays de Retz”, also reports on the differences in mentality in the individual areas of the Vendée; between the “Paydrets” from the “Pays de Retz” and the “Angevins” from the Anjou on the one hand and the “Haut-Poitevins” from the Poitou on the other. He wrote:
«L'esprit des paysans qui composaient les détachements de la grande Armée, était bien different de celui qui régnait parmi nous. Les nôtres pillaient, battaient et juraient comme de vrais soldats; les autres dans ce temps là revenaient du combat en disant leur chapelets, ils faisaient prisonniers tous ceux qu'ils pouvaient prendre sans les tuer et rarement s'emparaient de leurs dépouilles »
“The spirit of the peasants who formed the divisions of the great army was very different from that which ruled among us. Ours looted, fought, and cursed like real soldiers; the others came back from the fight in the meantime, saying their rosaries instead of killing, they always took prisoners if possible and only rarely took the last remnants away from them. "
The vast majority of the Vendée insurgents were peasants who were armed only with scythes, as there was no rifle for most of them. A great number of artisans and weavers among them, especially from the Mauges, armed themselves with whatever seemed appropriate.
In the event of a direct threat, however, the mobilization of the population of the rebellious territories could take on extensive dimensions, for example during the battle of Chemillé . The ages of the insurgents registered here ranged from eleven to 67 years. The average age of the Vendée insurgents was between 25 and 30 years.
There were also some women among the Vendée fighters, the most famous being Renée Bordereau, known as "l'Angevin", who came from a humble background. It is known that the “Charette Army” had some “Amazons” in its ranks, including Céleste Bulkeley, a noblewoman from Angers.
«Les Vendéens n'avaient aucune cocarde militaire; beaucoup mettaient à leur chapeau des morceaux d'étoffe blanche ou verte, d'autre du papier, des feuilles et plusieurs rien du tout. Mais tous les paysans avaient par dévotion et sans que personne en eût donné l'ordre, un Sacré-Cœur cousu à leur habit et un chapelet passé dans la boutonnière. Nos soldats ne portaient ni giberne, ni havresac, ni effets, quoiqu'ils en prissent en quantité aux républicains; ils trouvaient cela incommode, et préféraient mettre leurs cartouches dans leurs poches ou dans la ceinture de mouchoir, alors usitée dans le pays. L'armée avait une trentaine de tambours et point de trompettes. Les cavaliers attachaient à la queue de leurs chevaux des cocardes tricolores et des épaulettes enlevées à des Bleus; les officiers étaient un peu mieux équipés que les soldiers, et n'avaient pas de marques distinctives. »
“The Vendéeans did not have a military cockade , many wore white or green cloth hats, others decorated them with paper, leaves, many not at all. But all the peasants had taken the habit of sewing a sacred heart on their jacket and fastening a rosary in a buttonhole with devotion and without anyone giving the order . Our soldiers carried no pouches , backpacks or other equipment, although they took a lot of it from the Republicans; they found it uncomfortable and preferred to put their cartridges in their pockets or in the handkerchief belt that was then used in the country. The army had about thirty drums and no trumpets. The riders had tied the captured tricolors to the tails of their horses. The officers were a little better equipped than the soldiers, initially there were no distinguishing features. "
During the Galerne March, however, the officers gave themselves individual badges: the generals and officers of the council wore white field armbands with knots of different colors around their hips. La Rochejaquelein and Donnissan wore a black bow, Stofflet a red one and Marigny a blue one. The lower officers assigned to them wore a white scarf on their left arm.
The Sacré-Cœur of the Vendée, with the inscription «Dieu, le Roi» (God the King).
Sacré-Cœur vendéen as a patch
The cavalry
Some insurgents, chiefly Miller, also formed cavalry of dubious worth. These riders were derisively called “Marchands de cerises” (cherry traders).
«Tous les autres cavaliers qui vinrent avec ces messieurs, n'avaient pas assurément une tournure militaire si distinguée; leurs chevaux étaient de toute taille et de toute couleur; on voyait beaucoup de bâts au lieu de selles, de cordes au lieu d'étriers, de sabots au lieu de bottes: ils avaient des habits de toutes les façons, des pistolets dans leur ceinture, des fusils et des sabres attachés avec des ficelles; les us avaient des cocardes blanches, d'autres en avaient de noires ou de vertes. »
“All the other riders who came with these gentlemen certainly did not have an outstanding military appearance. Their horses were every size and color. Instead of real saddles, many pack saddles were used, instead of stirrups there were only cords, instead of boots there were wooden shoes. They wore all kinds of clothing, pistols were in their belts, rifles and sabers were carried on strings. Some had white cockades, others had black or green. "
The condition of the cavalry was no different than in the "Armée du Marais" in August 1793:
«Notre cavalerie présentait un spectacle encore plus ridicule; des hommes de toute taille et de tout age, montés sur des chevaux souvent disproportionnés, avaient pour selles des bâts, pour étriers des cordes de foins et au lieu de bottes des sabots. Le mousqueton était une fourche ou un fusil fort long attaché derrière le dos, et le saber un couteau de sabotier ou un briquet pris sur l'ennemi. »
“Our cavalry presented an even more ridiculous spectacle. Men of all sizes and ages, riding horses that were often disproportionate, equipped with pack saddles instead of riding saddles, hay ropes instead of stirrups, and wooden shoes instead of boots. Instead of a carbine, a fork or a very long shotgun was carried behind the back, the saber was a carving knife or an infantry saber that had been captured by the enemy. "
Regular troops
Some regular troops were set up to serve as an elite. Charles de Bonchamps organized some companies of infantry and cavalry at his own expense. In this troop, the infantry were equipped with gray and the cavalry with green uniforms.
However, the residents of the Vendée did not leave their homes for too long. After a few days of fighting, they "changed their shirts" (changeaient de chemise). They left the army to return to their villages, which meant that no garrison could be maintained. Several conquered cities such as Angers , Saumur , Thouars and Fontenay-le-Comte had to be gradually abandoned and fell into the hands of the Republicans without a fight.
In order to overcome this disadvantage, regular troops were recruited from republican deserters and insurgents from outside the Vendée, mainly from Anjou, from the north of Maine-et-Loire and Bretons from the Loire-Atlantique department , a total of between 6,000 and 10,000 men . Several of the later officers of the Chouannerie, especially Georges Cadoudal , Pierre-Mathurin Mercier la Vendée, Marie Paul de Scépeaux de Bois-Guignot, Jean Terrien, Joseph-Juste Coquereau and Louis Courtillé, came from this troop.
The regular Vendée troops also included many foreigners. In November 1793, at the time of the Galerne March, Jacques Léonard Laplanche, a Republican, wrote in a letter to the National Assembly: “A citizen whom you had captured left me with details, which I passed on to you, he stayed with you for a long time and found that the number of foreigners was at least the same as that of the French rebels; their army included Russians, Poles, Germans and many Jews. "
Among the foreign soldiers who joined the uprising were Germans from the Régiment de La Marck , the Légion Germanique , as well as a battalion of 600 Swiss and members of the Gardes suisses .
Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein wrote:
"In the commencements, tous the déserteurs des troupes republicaines devenaient officiers ou cavaliers dans l'armée vendéenne; mais le nombre des fantassins étant devenu assez considérable, bien qu'il ne l'ait jamais été beaucoup, on en forma trois compagnies: l'une française, commandée par Monsieur de Fé, l'autre allemande, la troisième suisse. Chacune était forte de 120 hommes ou environ; elles faisaient une sort de service régulier à Mortagne, ou étaient les magasins. La compagnie suisse était presque entièrement composée de fugitifs d'un détachement du malheureux régiment des gardes; ils étaient en garnison en Normandie, pendant qu'on massacrait leurs camarades au 10 août; ils respiraient la vengeance et chacun d'eux se battait heroïquement. Monsieur Keller, Suisse, un des plus courageux et des plus beaux hommes de l'armée, était leur commandant. Ces compagnies ne combattaient pas en ligne; elles se seraient fait écraser si elles ne s'étaient pas dispersées à la manière des paysans. »
“At the beginning all deserters of the republican troops became officers or horsemen of the army of the Vendée. But the number of infantrymen has become considerable, although there have never been so many. Three companies were formed: one French, commanded by Monsieur de Fé, one German, the third Swiss. Each was about 120 strong. They did a sort of regular service in Mortagne-sur-Sèvre, where the magazines were. The Swiss company consisted almost entirely of refugees who came from a division of the unfortunate regiment of the Guard. They were stationed in Normandy while their comrades were massacred on August 10th. They hungered for vengeance, and each of them fought heroically. Monsieur Keller, one of the bravest and most beautiful men in the army, was its commander. These companies did not fight in line; they would have been crushed if they had not dispersed like a peasant. "
The chouans of the Petite Vendée
During the Galerne March, several hundred Bretons from Ille-et-Vilaine and from the Mayenne department of County Maine joined the Vendéens and given themselves the name "Petite Vendée" (Little Vendée). The Bretons were commanded by Hippolyte Putod. A number of the later leaders of the Chouannerie served here, such as Jean Chouan , Aimé Picquet du Boisguy , Jean-Louis Treton , called "Jambe d'Argent", Michel Jacquet , called Taillefer, Robert Julien Billard de Veaux and Michel-Louis Lecomte .
«Beaucoup de paysans manceaux et bretons vinrent se joindre à nous. J'en vis arriver une troupe qui criait: Vive le roi et qui portait un mouchoir blanc au bout d'un bâton. En peu de temps il y en eût plus de 6000: on donnait à ce rassemblement le nom de Petite-Vendée . Tous les insurgés bretons étaient reconnaissables à leurs longs cheveux et à leurs vêtements, la plupart en peaux de chèvres garnies de leurs poils. Ils se battaient fort bien mais le pays ne se soulevait pas en entier. »
“A lot of farmers from Brittany came to us. I saw a troop arrive with a white handkerchief on the end of a stick, they shouted: 'Long live the king'. In a short time there were more than 6,000. They called themselves 'Petite-Vendée'. All Breton insurgents could be identified by their long hair and clothing (most of them in goat skins). They fought very well, but the country did not rise in its entirety. "
The priests and religion
The priests who refused to take the Republican oath were not directly involved in the fighting. Only a few of them sat on the royalist bodies, they were mainly concerned with correspondence. Active participation in the fighting was rare, as the insurgents disapproved of priests appearing armed in hand.
"En même temps qu'on nous suppose livrés à tous les excès de la plus horrible débauche, on nous dit esclaves des prêtres et du fanatisme le plus absurd. Il s'en faut bien encore qu'on ait présumé la vérité dans ce cas-ci comme dans tous les autres.
Les officiers de Belleville, loin d'être conduits par des principes de religion, n'y conformaient guère leur conduite. Le Roi était leur seule divinité, et la mort un sacrifice que, dans les circonstances présentes, on lui devait ainsi qu'à l'État. At-il manqué à ce dévouement autre chose que le succès pour mériter le nom du plus pur patriotisme?
Les paysans ne partagèrent point de pareilles opinions; pieux par habitude, ils pratiquaient avec plaisir les exercices de la religion et se plaignirent quelquefois de l'impiété de ceux qui avaient l'indiscrétion de raisonner devant eux; mais je n'en vis jamais d'assez aveugles pour ajouter foi à toutes les bêtises qu'on débite sur la facilité de leur croyance. La résurrection des morts au bout de trois jours, les balles de liège mises dans les fusils pour faire croire qu'un corps béni était invulnérable, les bannières portées au combat et des prêtres donnant la bénédiction à chaque pas, sont des bruits qui n ' ont faits fortune que parce qu'on s'est habitué à regarder les Vendéens comme une espèce différente des Français.
Les paysans de notre armée, car je ne parle point des autres que je n'ai pas vus, ne tardèrent même pas à railler la conduite de quelques prêtres qui, en effet, ne fut pas toujours exempte de reproches. Un petit nombre de ceux-ci se tint éloigné de nos camps, comme d'un lieu où leur caractère et l'esprit qu'il professe ne leur permettait pas d'exister; sans doute qu'ils vécurent comme les circonstances le leur permirent, et ne furent point exempts de misère. Quant à ceux qui voulurent nous suivre, les uns se mêlèrent parfois de marcher à la tête, d'autres firent le coup de fusil, et beaucoup cherchèrent à tirer parti de leur situation; des plaintes en furent portées quelquefois au général qui fut obligé d'y mettre ordre. Mais j'en connais aussi qui ne firent usage de la confiance que les paysans avaient en eux que pour sauver les prisonniers: on a donc tort de les comprendre dans une seule classe.
François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie, en homme sage, n'agitait jamais la dispute de religion et n'y prenait point part; il assistait toujours à la messe militaire que notre aumônier célébrait le dimanche: il s'y tenait avec décence, et le paysan le voyait encore avec plus de respect. »
“While we are supposedly exposed to all the excesses of the most terrible debauchery, we are considered slaves to the priests and the most absurd fanaticism. Far from assuming that, in this case, as in all others, it was the truth.
The officers of Belleville were far from being guided by religious principles, but in no essential way conformed to them. The king was their only deity, and death was a sacrifice that, under the circumstances, was due to him and the state. With this devotion, besides the success, has he not earned the name of the purest patriotism?
The peasants did not share such opinions, piously out of habit, they liked to practice their religion and sometimes complained about the ungodliness of those who had allowed themselves to come to their senses before them; but I never saw enough blind people to believe all the nonsense that is said about the ease of their belief. The resurrection of the dead after three days, the cork bullets that were put into the guns to make people believe that a blessed body is invulnerable, the banners carried in battle and the priests who bless every step are things that only brought luck because we are used to seeing the Vendées as a different species and not as French.
The peasants of our army, I do not want to speak of the others that I have not seen, did not take long to mock the behavior of some priests, since in fact they did not always appear free from reproach. A small group of them stayed away from our camps, as if they could not exist in a place which did not correspond to their character and the spirit which it manifested; no doubt that they lived as circumstances allowed and they were not free from misery. Those who followed us sometimes took the lead, others shot rifles, and many tried to improve their situation; sometimes complaints were made to the general who was forced to maintain order. But I also know some who used the trust that the peasants placed in them to save prisoners. It is therefore wrong to lump them all together.
François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie, as a wise man, never sparked the religious controversy and did not participate in it; he always took part in the military mass that our chaplain celebrated on Sunday, he stood there with decency, and the farmer saw him with even more respect ... "
Hospitals
«Pour les hôpitaux, ils étaient réglés avec un soin particulier; tous les blessés royalistes et républicains étaient transportés à Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre . La communauté des Filles de la Sagesse, qui sont une espèce de sœurs grises, avait là son chef-lieu. Les pauvres sœurs, renvoyées de partout, s'y étaient réfugiées en grand nombre; elles étaient plus de cent. Dans le même bourg, missionnaires du Saint-Esprit s'étaient also consacrés aux mêmes fonctions. Il y avait des chirurgiens qui suivaient l'armée; d'autres dirigeaient de petits hôpitaux en différents lieux. »
“Special rules applied to the hospitals. All wounded royalists and republicans were transported to Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre . The community of the 'Filles de la Sagesse' (a kind of gray sisters) had its headquarters there. The poor sisters who had been dismissed everywhere had settled there in great numbers, they were more than a hundred. In the same village, the missionaries of the Holy Spirit had devoted themselves to the same tasks. There were surgeons who followed the army, others were sent to the small hospitals in different places. "
→ Armée catholique et royale de Normandie
literature
- Émile Gabory: Les Guerres de Vendée. Robert Laffont, 2009.
- Claude Petitfrère: Armée catholique et royale. In: Albert Soboul (Dir.): Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française. PUF, Paris 1989. New edition: Quadrige, 2005, pp. 33–34.
- Manuel Jobard, Jacques Hussenet (cond.): «Détruisez la Vendée! »Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée. Center vendéen de recherches historiques, La Roche-sur-Yon 2007.
- Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein : Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860. Volume 79 ( digitized on Gallica ).
Web links
- Christine Duranteau: Du paysan catholique au soldat paysan - La Vendée en armes
- Drapeaux de l'armée vendéenne
- Les vétérans des guerres de Vendée, 62 portraits dessinés by David d'Angers
Footnotes
- ↑ not to be confused with the Grande Armée of the imperial era under Napoléon
- ↑ a b c d e Claude Petitfrère: Armée catholique et royale. In: Albert Soboul (ed.): Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française. PUF, Paris 1989. New edition: Quadrige, 2005, pp. 33–34.
- ↑ Many came out of loyalty to the king, some because they saw their oath of loyalty as expired or for other, possibly not always so honest reasons.
- ↑ Pierre Victor Jean Berthre de Bourniseaux: Histoire des guerres de la Vendée et des Chouans, depuis l'année 1792 jusqu'en 1815. Brunot-Labbe, Paris 1819, p. 280 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ↑ Étienne Aubrée: Les prisonniers de Malagra. Librairie académique Perrin, 1938, p. 49.
- ↑ Étienne Aubrée: Le général de Lescure. Perrin, 1936, p. 94.
- ^ Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein : Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848. pp. 334-335.
- ↑ Pierre-Suzanne Lucas de La Championnière: Mémoires d'un officier vendéen. P. 51.
- ↑ a b Manuel Jobard, Jacques Hussenet (cond.): «Détruisez la Vendée! »Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée. Center vendéen de recherches historiques, La Roche-sur-Yon 2007, p. 161.
- ↑ Claude Petitfrère: Les Vendéens d'Anjou. 1981, p. 231.
- ↑ actually: Céleste Julie Michèle Talour de la Cartrie de la Villenière
- ^ A b Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein: Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848, p. 141.
- ↑ Étienne Aubrée: Le général de Lescure. Perrin, 1936 edition, p. 95.
- ^ Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein: Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848, p. 335.
- ↑ This is the literal translation. The reason for using this term is unclear.
- ↑ Émile Gabory: Les Guerres de Vendée. Robert Laffont, edition 2009, p. 219.
- ↑ Pierre-Suzanne Lucas de La Championnière: Mémoires d'un officier vendéen. P. 31.
- ^ Tanneguy Lehideux: Combat d'un Chouan, Terrien coeur de lion. Geste, edition 2009, p. 81.
- ↑ Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860. Volume 79, p. 66 ( digitized on Gallica ).
- ↑ a b Émile Gabory: Les Guerres de Vendée. Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 218.
- ^ Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein: Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848, p. 235.
- ^ Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein: Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848, p. 314.
- ↑ Roger Dupuy: Les Chouans. P. 207.
- ↑ Émile Gabory: Les Guerres de Vendée. Robert Laffont, edition 2009, p. 231.
- ↑ Pierre-Suzanne Lucas de La Championnière: Mémoires d'un officier vendéen. Pp. 157-158.
- ^ Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein: Mémoires de Madame la marquise de la Rochejaquelein. 6th edition. 1848, p. 158.