Kempō karate

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Kenpo greeting - salutation a

Kempō Karate , also called Kempō b for short ( Japanese 拳法 kenpō , kana け ん ぽ う , literally "fist theory", analogously "teaching the fist fighting technique"), is a Japanese collective term for various martial arts . The term itself is the Japanese pronunciation of the identical Chinese term Quánfǎ b .

Word origin

The Romanized spelling KEMPO (obsolete) or Kenpō ( Hepburn ) is due to the different transcription system for the Japanese to kanji or Hanzis ( Chinese  拳法b , Pinyin quánfǎ , W.-G. ch'üan-fa , Jyutping Kyun 4 Faat 1 ), which in China are transcribed and pronounced as Quánfǎ , out of date Chuan-fa, in Mandarin Chinese . In the Chinese country of origin, Quánfǎ is a common generic term for all martial arts systems. In Okinawa and Japan , the Chinese term Kempō or Kenpō was replaced in the years after 1930 by “ Karate ” (outdated 唐 手 , kana か ら て , literally “Chinese hand”, better “Chinese technique”, today 空手 , kana か らて , literally “empty hand”, better “unarmed technology”). The historical reasons for choosing and using the new Kanji spelling for “ kara ” -te are probably several. On the one hand, because historically it is an unarmed martial art, on the other hand, nationalistic backgrounds can certainly not be excluded in order to conceal the historical origin and connection of this martial art. This "name change" through the homophonic replacement of the original characters, found in the late Meiji period (1868-1911) instead, in a time when nationalism in the Empire of Japan (see Japanese nationalism ) and woke worldwide. (see Tang Soo Do )

The commonly used Romanized spelling “ Kenpō ” according to Hepburn ( Kunrei ), compared to the outdated spelling “ Kempō ”, is also used as a trademark delimitation - see Wing Chun's naming rights - different styles ( 流 ryū ).

annotation
aClosed and open hand ("closed fist and open hand") to symbolize Yin and Yang - Ordinary traditional salutation in ancient China , especially for people with martial arts .
bThe term " Quánfǎ or Kenpō ( Kempo ) - 拳法 " comes from the Chinese and is a compound word (see. Syllable word ) that for " 拳術的技法  /  拳术的技法 - technique of Chinese boxing is". The term is usually with "Chinese boxes ", "Chinese box technique", "Chinese boxing technique", "Technology of the Chinese martial art ", " Kungfu " translated etc..

history

Emigrants from Okinawa Island and mainland China brought their martial arts with them to Hawaii . In 1937, the Official Self Defense Club was opened in Honolulu under James Mitose and William Chow , where Jiu Jitsu was taught under the style name “Kenpo” . A martial art emerged that mixed Japanese Kempō techniques with Chinese Kung Fu techniques. In the late 1940s, they parted ways and Chow started his own school. One of Chow's students, Ed Parker , developed his own style from what he had learned so far by introducing techniques from boxing , potash and wrestling . He called it “Ed Parker's Kenpo Karate” or “American Kenpo Karate”. Chow changed the name of his style of "Kenpo" ( Jap. 拳法 kenpō ) to "Kara-Ho Kempo" ( Jap. 唐法拳法 kara-hō Kempo , that "Chinese fist-fighting techniques") to connect to Ed Parker's style to avoid. After the death of Ed Parker, some of his students founded their own “Kenpo” systems, all of which, however, are based on the teaching of Ed Parker.

Demarcation

Kempō Karate is very similar to traditional karate in terms of content and etiquette ( Reishiki ). Japanese terms and phrases are used instead of the Chinese language. Even minor differences in ceremonies tend a little more towards Japan. The techniques are largely identical to traditional karate (different styles), which in turn has developed from Shaolin Quánfǎ .

Chinese Kara-Ho Kempō Karate

Chinese Kara-Ho Kempō Karate is an independent martial art style developed in Hawaii. Kempō or Kenpō was formed over centuries in China and on the Japanese islands (especially on the main island of Okinawa , hist. Kingdom of Ryūkyū ) before it reached Hawaii in the first half of the 20th century by immigrants from Asia. There, Professor William Kwai Sun Chow (1914–1987), son of an immigrant Buddhist monk (Hoon Chow) and a Hawaiian mother (Rose Naehu), developed his own style, which he named “Kara-Ho” (unity of body, mind , Soul and mind) gave. After various name changes (including “Thunderbolt Kenpo” and “Shaolin Kenpo”), Chow decided on the name Chinese Kara-Ho Kempo Karate ( Kara-Ho Kempō for short ) in order to combine the Chinese roots of his martial arts with the Japanese Kempō ( of mitosis).

Through Grand Master Samuel Alama Kuoha (born 1946), a student of Chow and current head of the system, “Kara-Ho Kempo” came to the American mainland in the mid-1970s. The style is now being taught at dojo's in North America, Australia and Europe, where around 6000 students train. In the 70s the system was fundamentally revised by Grandmaster Kuoha in collaboration with Chow and today it is a martial art that is extremely different from other Kempō karate styles, so that basically no relationship can be identified.

Contents are self-defense techniques and kata , including twelve unarmed and over fifty with traditional Japanese, Chinese, Hawaiian and Filipino weapons. Special emphasis is placed on the application of Ki ( Qi ), the inner energy. The inner energy is taught according to Tōhei Kōichi Sensei ( Aikidō ), in the form of the four Ki principles: hold one point, total relaxation, keep the weight down, let Ki flow. These principles were introduced into the system by Shihan John Damian (Aikidō) when he was teaching Grand Master Kuoha in the 1970s.

Since 1999 Kara-Ho Kempō has also been taught in Europe. There are currently four dōjōs in Germany: one in Munich, another in Nossen, which is near Dresden, and one in Dresden. In Berlin there is the possibility to train the martial art according to Professor Chow.

American Kenpō Karate (Ed Parker's Kenpō)

American Kenpo Karate is a martial art created by Edmund Kealoha Parker, which is an old, but also a modern method of self-realization and self-defense. Old, effective fighting techniques were combined with the findings of more modern science, which should also work on the “street”. Old fighting techniques were combined into a logical system according to scientific criteria. American Kenpo contains influences from Chinese, Japanese, Okinawan, Hawaiian, and American cultures.

In the 1970s, Rainer Schulte, an American with German roots, brought Ed Parker's Kenpo Karate to Europe. The first representative in Germany was Christian Springer (IKKA). After many years of inactivity in Germany, the American Kenpo Karate Association (AKKA) was founded by Mirco Berwing in 1996 and further schools were built.

Professional associations in Germany

Shaolin Kempō (Kempō Naadaa)

In this martial art body, mind and soul are to be brought into harmony through meditation and Taijiquan as well as Goshin-Jutsu and Shaolin-Kempō and the weapon techniques Bō , Arnis and sword through a holistic training principle. The weapon arts are reserved for the second and first (and therefore higher) Kyū degrees , as technical skills are a prerequisite for handling weapons. The aim of the training is to improve body control and self-discovery through the effects of Qigong and Taijiquan.

European perspective: Shaolin-Kempō (Kempō Naadaa) is the basic system of Chen Tao Wushu (martial arts of Shifu Tze). In Europe, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, it is primarily understood to mean the martial art that Shifu Tze introduced to the Netherlands in the 1950s and that of him between 1966 and around 1985 also in Germany, primarily on the Lower Rhine and was taught and disseminated in the Ruhr area. Shifu Tze learned various combat systems in Asia in the 1930s and 1940s and then brought this skill and knowledge to Europe.

Professional associations in Germany

  • World Martial Arts Association Republic of China (WMAA-ROC)
  • Martial Arts College Germany
  • KF Karate Fachsportschulen - largest German school chain practicing Kempo Karate
  • German Wushu Federation (DWF) with the student councils "Shaolin Kempo" and "Chen Tao Wushu"

literature

  • Werner Lind : Lexicon of the martial arts. China, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, Indonesia, India, Mongolia, Philippines, Taiwan, etc. Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-328-00838-1 , ( Edition BSK ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Term “kenpo, kempo - 拳法, け ん ･ ぽ う”. In: Wadoku . Retrieved January 10, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  2. ↑ a b Term “kenpo, kempo - 拳法, け ん ･ ぽ う”. In: tangorin.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (English, Japanese).
  3. ↑ term "quanfa -拳法". In: www.zdic.net. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (Chinese, German, English).
  4. ↑ term "quanfa拳法". In: dict.revised.moe.edu.tw. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (Chinese).
  5. ^ Term "te - 手, て". In: Wadoku . Retrieved April 3, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  6. ^ Term "te - 手, て". In: tangorin.com. Retrieved April 3, 2019 (English, Japanese).
  7. ↑ Term “karate - 空手, 唐 手, か ら て”. In: tangorin.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (English, Japanese).
  8. ↑ Term “karate - 空手, 唐 手, か ら ･ て”. In: Wadoku . Retrieved January 10, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  9. ↑ Term "kara - 唐, か ら". In: Wadoku . Retrieved January 10, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  10. ↑ Term "kara - 空, か ら". In: tangorin.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (English, Japanese).
  11. ↑ Term “ryū - 流, り ゅ う”. In: Wadoku . Retrieved April 3, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  12. ↑ Term “ryū - 流, り ゅ う”. In: tangorin.com. Retrieved April 3, 2019 (English, Japanese).
  13. ↑ term "Quanshu -拳术(拳術)". In: www.zdic.net. Retrieved June 8, 2019 (Chinese, English).
  14. ↑ Term “jifa - 技法”. In: www.zdic.net. Accessed June 8, 2019 (Chinese, German, English).
  15. ↑ Term “hou 法, ほ う”. In: Wadoku . Retrieved January 19, 2019 (German, Japanese).
  16. ↑ Term “hou - 法, ほ う”. In: tangorin.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (English, Japanese).