Pokeweed family

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Pokeweed family
American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)

American pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Pokeweed family
Scientific name
Phytolaccaceae
R.Br.

The pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae) are a family in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) within the flowering plants . The approximately 15 genera with 45 to 65 species are distributed in tropical and temperate areas almost worldwide, especially in the Neotropics.

description

Vegetative characteristics

They are often tall, annual to perennial herbaceous plants or, more rarely, woody plants: shrubs , trees or lianas . The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are stalked or sessile. The simple leaf blade can be thick and fleshy in some species. The leaf margin is smooth. Stipules are seldom present (tiny ones are present in Seguieria , for example ).

Generative characteristics

Subfamily Rivinoideae: Bloodberry ( Rivina humilis )

The flowers are solitary or in many traubigen , ährigen , rispigen or zymösen inflorescences with bracts . The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are often four or five-fold. If the flowers are rarely unisexual, then the species are dioeciously separated ( dioecious ). There are usually four or five sepals . Petals are missing. There are four, five or many (up to 100) fertile stamens ; the stamens are often fused at their base. There are usually four to twelve (1 to 16) upper carpels , they can be free or fused to form an ovary . There is only one ovule per carpel in free central placentation. There are as many styles and scars as carpels.

Very different types of fruit are formed: If the carpels have grown together, capsule fruits or berries are formed , if the carpels are free, the fruits can stand individually or be grouped together. Seguieria forms winged nuts (Samara).

The basic chromosome number is n = 9.

ingredients

The waxes on the cuticle are in the form of platelets. There are calcium oxalate crystals as accumulated .

Systematics

Within the order of the Caryophyllales in the group of betalain-containing families, the Phytolaccaceae form a clade with the Sarcobataceae and Nyctaginaceae ; these three families have in common that they only have a single basal ovule per carpel.

Subfamily Rivinoideae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Hilleria latifolia
Subfamily Rivinoideae: Illustration of Petiveria alliacea from Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles , plate 374
Subfamily Rivinoideae: Trichostigma peruvianum

The family name Phytolaccaceae was first published in 1818 by Robert Brown in Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire , 454. The type genus is Phytolacca L. The name Phytolacca means directly translated "lacquer plant" and is derived from the Greek word phyton for plant and Italian lacca or Middle Latin laca for lacquer, this refers to the red betalain pigments.

In the pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae) there are three subfamilies with about 15 (to 18) genera and 45 to 65 species :

  • Subfamily Phytolaccoideae Arn. (Syn .: Sarcocaceae Adans. ): It contains four genera with about 31 species:
    • Anisomeria Don : Up to six species occur in Chile.
    • Ercilla Juss. : The three or so species occur in Chile.
    • Nowickea J.Martínez & JAMcDonald : The only two species occur only in Mexico .
    • Pokeweed ( Phytolacca L. ): The 25 or so species are mainly neotropical and occur in North America (six species), Mexico, the Caribbean islands, Central and South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific islands.
  • Subfamily Rivinoideae Nowicke (Syn .: Hilleriaceae Nakai , Petiveriaceae C.Agardh , Riviniaceae C.Agardh , Seguieriaceae Nakai ): It contains nine genera with about 13 species:
    • Gallesia Casar. : The four or so species occur in Peru and Brazil. They smell like kitchen onions.
    • Hilleria Vell. (Syn .: Mohlana Mart. ): Up to six species are common in South America. One species is also found in Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands .
    • Ledenbergia Klotzsch ex Moq. (Syn .: Flueckigera Kuntze ): The four to six species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Monococcus F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
      • Monococcus echinophorus F. Muell. : It occurs on Pacific islands and in Australia only in Queensland and New South Wales.
    • Petiveria L .: It contains only one species:
    • Rivina L .: It contains only one species:
      • Bloodberry ( Rivina humilis L. ): It is widespread in the Neotropics , on the Pacific Islands and in Australia.
    • Schindleria H.Walter : The only three species occur in Peru and Bolivia.
    • Seguieria Loefl. : The six or so species are common in tropical South America. They have stipules.
    • Trichostigma A.Richard (Syn .: Villamilla Ruiz & Pav. ): The three or so species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Subfamily Agdestidoideae Nowicke (Syn .: Agdestidaceae Nakai ): It contains only one monotypical genus:

In some authors, the species of the Gisekiaceae family with the only genus: Gisekia L. (with about six species) were classified as a separate subfamily Gisekioideae or even within the subfamily Rivinioideae in the family of Phytolaccaceae.

Also no longer belong in this family:

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Phytolaccaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .
  3. ↑ Julieta G. Martínez, J. Andrew McDonald: Nowickea (Phytolaccaceae), a new genus with two new species from Mexico. In: Brittonia , Volume 41, Number 4, 1989.

Web links

Commons : Pokeweed Family (Phytolaccaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files