Wonder flower plants

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Wonder flower plants
Multi-flowered wonder flower (Mirabilis multiflora)

Multi-flowered wonder flower ( Mirabilis multiflora )

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Wonder flower plants
Scientific name
Nyctaginaceae
Yuss.

The miracle flower plants (Nyctaginaceae) form a family in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) within the flowering plants . Aside from ornamental plants , only a few species are used by humans.

Description and ecology

Illustration from Francisco Manuel Blanco
of Pisonia aculeata
Illustration from Francisco Manuel Blanco
by Boerhavia diffusa
Abronia fragrans , drawing of the details
Abronia latifolia inflorescences
Fruits of Boerhavia diffusa

Appearance and leaves

They often grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants ; or they are woody plants: shrubs , rarely trees , sometimes prickly climbing plants and some Pisonia species are lianas . The roots are fibrous or often fleshy or form tubers . The shoot axes are mostly independently upright, more rarely creeping or climbing on other plants. In some herbaceous species nodes (are Nodien ) significantly thickened. There is often abnormal secondary growth . The sieve tube plastids are of the P-type. The wood often oxidizes as soon as it is cut; it turns orange or red-brown, for example. The terminal buds are often intensely brown.

The leaves are mostly opposite, rarely alternating or spirally arranged. The leaf pairs are sometimes unequal. There is usually a leaf stalk. The simple leaf blade is herbaceous or sometimes fleshy to succulent, with a smooth to hairy surface and with a smooth to curved leaf margin. Often the leaves turn dark gray when drying. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are sometimes solitary, mostly they are in axillary or mostly terminal, simple often compound inflorescences from zymous , doldigen , racemose or bundle partial inflorescences . The sometimes conspicuous and brightly colored bracts are sometimes fused and sometimes form a goblet-like envelope ( involucre ) around a partial inflorescence of one to 80 flowers.

The radial symmetry flowers are mostly hermaphroditic or rarely unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, then the plants are unisexual ( monoecious ). Usually five (three to ten) sepals are fused with tubes and often look like a petal; they are the organs of display of these flowers. Petals are missing. The usually three to five (one to 18, rarely up to 30) stamens are often fused at the base. The pollen grains are 3- to 18-colpat or over 12-porat. With a length of about 200 µm, the pollen grains of some taxa, apart from the even larger ones in the aquatic plant species of the Cymodoceaceae (Alismatales), are among the largest among the bedecktsamer. There is only an upper carpel with only one ovule in a free central placentation, which, however, appears underneath due to the closely enveloping sepals. The thin style ends in a cephalic to spherical or thin scar, which sometimes has a tuft of hair. The nectar secretion takes place on the flower base. Many species (from Anulocaulis , Cyphomeris , Acleisanthes , Mirabilis, Abronia , Tripterocalyx ) bloom in the evening or at night (hence the common name "four o'clock family") and are pollinated by moths . Both cleistogamous (closed and self-fertile) and chasmogamous (open) flowers are formed in four genera ( Acleisanthes , Cyphomeris , Nyctaginia , Mirabilis ).

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are achenae or nut-like , winged or ribbed, are still covered by the fleshy, leathery or woody base of the calyx even when ripe and contain only one seed; this whole structure, known as the “anthocarp”, often looks like stone fruit . The spread of the diaspore is often epizoochoric , as the fruits are sticky due to glandular secretions (in Acleisanthes , Allionia , Boerhavia , Cyphomeris , many Anulocaulis and many Mirabilis species). In other taxa the fruits have wing-like structures that serve to spread the wind. The starchy seeds have a well-developed, large, green embryo that is usually curved or rarely straight.

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

There are betalains and isoflavones present. Kaempferol and / or quercetin are present as flavonols . Cyanidine may be present. There are calcium oxalate crystals as raphides accumulated . Physiology in the C3 type ( Bougainvillea , Mirabilis ) or C4 type ( Allionia , Boerhaavia ) has been documented in some taxa. There are some gypsum-tolerant species that are often endemic .

As far as is known, the basic chromosome numbers are n = 9, 10 or 11 (8 to over 13) (the basic chromosome number of many genera is not known); of chromosome numbers 2n = 20 to 2n = 136 is reported. Polyploidy and aneuploidy play an important role in evolution within individual taxa.

Systematics and distribution

Abronia ameliae
Acleisanthes longiflora
Acleisanthes nevadensis
Allionia incarnata
Anulocaulis annulatus
Boerhavia repens
Guapira noxia
Neea laxa
Pisonia grandis

The distribution is mainly pantropical . The focus of biodiversity lies in the Neotropic , on the one hand woody taxa ( Bougainvillea , Guapira , Neea , Pisonia ) or herbaceous taxa ( Colignonia , Salpianthus ) in tropical areas of South America and the Caribbean, on the other hand xerophytic taxa ( Abronia , Acleisanthes , Boerhavia , Commicarpus , Mirabilis ) in the arid areas of North America. They mostly thrive in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate areas.

The family was first published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu under the name Nyctagines in Genera Plantarum , 90. The type genus is Nyctago Juss. today a synonym of Mirabilis L. , which was published in Species Plantarum , 1, 177 as early as 1753 . Synonyms for Nyctaginaceae Juss. are: Allioniaceae Horan. , Bougainvilleaceae J.Agardh , Mirabilidaceae WRBOliv. , Pisoniaceae J.Agardh .

The delimitation of the genera and the six to eight tribe of the Nyctaginaceae is difficult and led to many synonyms. In the past, the family was worked on most intensively by Heimerl in The Natural Plant Families 1889, 1934 and by Standley in 1909, 1911, 1918, 1931. Many genus contain only a few species and in the treatment of GHM Lawrence 1951 even 50% are monotypic . Bittrich and Kühn 1993 established a complete division of the family into tribe and subtribe. From 2000 Levin published the results of molecular genetic studies. Norman A. Douglas and Paul S. Manos 2007 discussed their own and previous studies.

Within the order of the Caryophyllales in the group of betalain-containing families, the Phytolaccaceae form a clade with the Sarcobataceae and Nyctaginaceae ; these three families have in common that they only have a single basal ovule in the single carpel per flower.

The family of Nyctaginaceae contains about 28 to 34 genera with about 300 to almost 400 species:

  • Abronia Juss. : With about 20 to 33 herbaceous species in the southwestern United States (19 species) and Mexico .
  • Acleisanthes A.Gray (Syn .: Ammocodon Standl. And Selinocarpus A.Gray ): The approximately 7 to 17 perennial herbaceous species occur in the southwestern USA (12 species), in northern Mexico and one species in Somalia .
  • Allionia L. (Syn .: Wedelia Loefl. , Wedeliella Cockerell ): The only two herbaceous species occur from the central and western United States to Chile and Argentina.
  • Andradea Allemão : There is only one type:
  • Anulocaulis Standl. : The approximately five herbaceous species are distributed from the southwest USA to northern Mexico.
  • Belemia Pires : There is only one type:
  • Boerhavia L .: The 20 to 50 species are distributed almost worldwide.
  • Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. (Syn .: Tricycla Cav. ): The approximately 18 species are common in South America. Two species and their varieties are used worldwide as ornamental plants and are wild in subtropical to tropical areas.
  • Caribea Alain : There is only one type:
  • Cephalotomandra H. Karst. & Triana : The only one to three species occur in Central America .
  • Colignonia Endl. : The sixor sospecies thrive in the Andes from Colombia to Argentina .
  • Commicarpus Standl. : The 25 to 35 species are distributed in the Neotropics , Eurasia , Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula and Australia .
  • Cryptocarpus Kunth : There is only one species:
  • Cuscatlania Standl. : There is only one type:
  • Cyphomeris Standl. (Syn .: Senckenbergia Post & Kuntze ): The only two perennial herbaceous species are distributed from the southwestern USA to northern Mexico .
  • Grajalesia Miranda : There is only one type:
  • Guapira Aubl. : There are about (10 to) 70 species found in tropical America.
  • Leucaster Choisy : There is only one type:
    • Leucaster caniflorus (Mart.) Choisy : It occurs in southeastern Brazil in the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro.
  • Wonder flowers ( Mirabilis L. , Syn .: Allioniella Rydb. , Calyxhymenia Ortega , Hermidium S.Watson , Hesperonia Standl. , Nyctago Juss. , Oxybaphus L'Hér. Ex Willd. , Quamoclidion Choisy ): The 50 to 60 herbaceous species are mainly common in the New World .
  • Neea Ruiz & Pav .: There are about 85 neotropical, woody species; they occur from southern Florida to Bolivia.
  • Neeopsis Lundell : There is only one species:
  • Nyctaginia Choisy : There is only one species:
    • Nyctaginia capitata Choisy : This perennial herbaceous plant occurs from the southwest USA to northern Mexico.
  • Okenia Schltdl. & Cham. : There are only 1–2 types; they occur from Florida to Mexico and Nicaragua. This includes:
    • Okenia hypogaea Schltdl. & Cham. : This annual herb is found in Florida, Mexico and Nicaragua.
  • Phaeoptilum Radlk. : There is only one type:
  • Pisonia L. (Syn .: Calpidia Thouars , Ceodes J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. , Heimerlia Skottsb. , Heimerliodendron Skottsb. , Rockia Heimerl , Timeroyea Montrouz. , Torrubia Vell. , Torrukia Vell. ): There are 10 to 50 pantropical , woody species. They occur mainly in America.
  • Pisoniella (Heimerl) Standl. : There are only two types:
  • Ramisia Glaz. ex Baill. : There is only one type:
    • Ramisia brasiliensis olive. : It occurs in northeastern to southeastern Brazil in the states of Bahia , Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.
  • Reichenbachia Spreng. : The only two species occur in tropical South America.
  • Salpianthus humb. & Bonpl. (Syn .: Boldoa Cav. Ex Lag. ): There is only one type:
  • Tripterocalyx (Torr.) Hook. : The approximately four annual species are common in North America and northern Mexico.

use

Some species are used for human consumption: Abronia fragrans Nutt. , Abronia latifolia Esch. , Boerhavia diffusa L. , Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz. & Pav.) Standl. , Mirabilis jalapa L. and Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray .

Some types are used medicinally.

Few species and their varieties are ornamental plants : Bougainvillea coals, Wunderblume ( Mirabilis jalapa ) and Pisonia umbellifera .

Some species of Pisonia use the sticky pericarp of the fruit to catch birds.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c The Nyctaginaceae family on the AP website .
  2. ↑ a b c Richard W. Spellenberg: Nyctaginaceae. , P. 14 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 .
  3. ^ A b Nyctaginaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 . limited preview in Google Book search
  5. ↑ a b c d Nyctaginaceae in Flora do Brasil 2020 from the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro .
  6. ↑ Entries on Nyctaginaceae in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Nyctaginaceae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files