Klamath (language)

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Klamath

Spoken in

USA (southern California and northern Oregon )
speaker 0 (extinct since 2003)
Linguistic
classification

Plateau Penuti

  • Klamath-Modoc
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

-

ISO 639-3

kla

Klamath ( ˈklæməθ ), also Klamath – Modoc ( ˈklæməθ_ˈmoʊdɒk ) and (out of date) Lutuamian ( , lu: tu: 'aemi @ n ), is an extinct language of the Plateau Penuti family within the Penuti languages . It was spoken by indigenous people around Upper Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc , each using their own dialects. Since April 1998 it has only been spoken by one person. The last fluent Klamath speaker in Chiloquin was 92 years old in 2003. Since 2006 there have been neither the Klamath nor the Modoc dialect nor live native speakers.

Like other Penuti languages, the Plateau Penuti languages ​​are rich in abutments , much stronger than Indo-European and Afro-Asian languages . Further evidence for the classification is found in some correspondences of consonants in Klamath on the one hand and others, presumably in the Penuti languages. In the Proto- Yokuts languages , the retroflexes * / ʈ ʈʼ / in the Klamath correspond with / tʃ tʃʼ / and the dentals * / t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ / with the alveolars / t tʰ tʼ / .

Phonology

Vowels

  front Back
short long short long
closed i ~ ɪ iː    
open-intermediate e ~ ɛ ɛː o ~ ɔ ɔː
open     a ~ ɑ ɑː

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
easy Affrict
Obstruent Plosive unaspirated p t tʃ k q ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ qʰ
ejective pʼ tʼ tʃʼ k ' qʼ
Fricative / Approximant voiced l
unvoiced l̥ s H
ejective lʼ
Sonorous nasal voiced m n
unvoiced m̥ n̥
glottalized m ' nʼ
Approximant voiced j w
unvoiced ȷ̊ w̥
glottalized jʼ wʼ
Klamath alphabet
Letter a aa b c cʼ d e ee G ɢ H i ii j k k ' l L. lʼ m M. m ' n N nʼ O oo p pʼ q qʼ s s? t t ' w W. w ' y Y y ' ?
phoneme ɑ ɑː p tʃʰ tʃʼ t ɛ ɛː k q H ɪ iː tʃ kʰ k ' l l̥ lˀ m m̥ mˀ n n̥ nˀ ɔ ɔː pʰ pʼ qʰ qʼ s sˀ tʰ t ' w w̥ wˀ j ȷ̊ jˀ ʔ

All of the obstruents in the Klamath except / s / occur in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective consonants. Sonorant triplets are voiced, unvoiced, or "larynx" (glottalized) sounds except for / h / and / ʔ / .

Most consonants can be geminated . The fricative / s / is an exception; there is a reasonable assumption that this is related to a change in sound . Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded a geminated / sː / in the late 19th century, but this sound was uniformly registered as a deminished / s / by MAR Barker in the 1960s . Some time after Gatchets and before Barker's notes, an * / sː / may have been deminished to / s / .

syntax

The word order in the Klamath is determined pragmatically. There are no clearly defined verb-phrases or noun-phrases. The order is nominative - accusative, whereby the nominal case also distinguishes adjectives from nouns. Many verbs compulsorily classify an absolute case. There are directive and applicative constructs.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Klamath . Ethnologue (18th ed.). 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  2. ^ Laurie Bauer: The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh 2007.
  3. ↑ Chen, 1998 ; Maudlin, 1998 .
  4. ↑ Erin F Haynes: Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Coyote Papers . September 8, pp. 87-102. Retrieved August 30, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / coyotepapers.sbs.arizona.edu
  5. ^ Victor Golla : California Indian Languages. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles, California 2011, ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4 ( books.google.com ).
  6. ^ Klamath language . The Klamath Tribes.
  7. ↑ Blevins, 2004 , p. 279.
  8. ↑ Blevins, 2004 , pp. 279-280.
  9. ^ Blevins, 2004 .
  10. ↑ Rude, 1988 .

swell

  • MAR Barker: Klamath Texts. In: University of California Publications in Linguistics. Volume 30. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1963.
  • MAR Barker: Klamath Dictionary. In: University of California Publications in Linguistics. Volume 31. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1963.
  • MAR Barker: Klamath Grammar. In: University of California Publications in Linguistics. Volume 32. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1964.
  • Philip Barker: The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 1959.
  • Juliette Blevins: Klamath Sibilant Degemination. Implications of a Recent Sound Change . In: International Journal of American Linguistics . tape 70 , no. 3 , 2004, ISSN  0020-7071 , p. 279-289 , doi : 10.1086 / 425602 .
  • DW Chen: Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. In: The New York Times . April 5, 1998.
  • Jaime de Angulo : The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc) . Société des Américanistes, 1931, OCLC 27210767 .
  • WS Maudlin: Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. In: The Yale Herald. April 17, 1998, accessed May 6, 2008.
  • Noel Rude: Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. In: Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 12, 1987, pp. 67-83.
  • Noel Rude: Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In: William Shipley (Ed.): In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 1988, pp. 651-673 ( books.google.com ).
  • Noel Rude: Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In: Elizabeth C. Traugott, Bernd Heine (Ed.): Approaches to Grammaticalization. In: Typological Studies in Language 19, pp. 185–199. : John Benjamin Publishing Company, New York / Amsterdam 1991.
  • Frederick Vernon Coville : Notes on the Plants Used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon . US Government Printing Office, 1897 ( books.google.com - Contains plant names in Klamath).
  • Albert Samuel Gatschet : The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon . 1890 ( archive.org ).
  • Albert S. Gatschet: The numeral adjective in the Klamath language of southern Oregon . 1880 ( archive.org ).
  • Albert S. Gatschet: Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon . 1878 ( archive.org ).

Web links