Bezereos small fort

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Bezereos small fort
Alternative name Vezereos
limes Limes Tripolitanus
front Limes line
section Limes Bizerentanus
Dating (occupancy) Severan
until around AD 430/440
Type Small fort
unit a) Vexillation of the Legio III Augusta
b) limitanei?
c) gentiles?
size 50 m × 65 m (= 0.33 ha)
Construction stone
State of preservation Stone building with a rectangular floor plan and rounded corners
place Bir Rhezen
Geographical location 33 ° 30 '13.3 "  N , 9 ° 29' 53"  E
height 125  m
Previous Small fort Ksar Chetaoua (southeast)
Subsequently Small fort Ksar Tabria (west)
Backwards Small fort Henchir Krannfir (northeast)
Map of the Limes Tripolitanus : The small fort is on the top left.
Remains of the surrounding wall; State 2018

The small fort Bezereos (Latin also Vezereos ) (Tunisian: Bir Rhezen ) was a Roman garrison whose garrison was as a border guard section command for security and surveillance tasks on a section of the Limes Tripolitanus , the Limes Bizerentanus , in the Roman province of Africa proconsularis , later Tripolitania , was responsible. The border fortifications formed a deep system of forts and military posts. The important garrison location is on the northeastern edge of the Eastern Great Erg , a section of the Sahara in southern Tunisia , Kebili Governorate . Today the village of Sidi Mohammed ben Aissa is nearby. The remains of the surrounding wall of the small fort can still be seen today on a hill about three and a half kilometers southeast of the C104 desert road. The archaeologist Michael Mackensen was able to document that the scientifically unexcavated facility was exposed to significant destruction between 1998 and 2008.

location

The facility, which was built south of the Djebel Tebaga on a small hill with a good view, is one of the earliest fortifications on this section of the North African Limes , along with the small fort Tisavar , and was located in a clearly formed bend in the Roman imperial border. This demarcation, oriented from southeast to west, resulted from the Roman considerations to leave out the hostile desert zones and to build the military installations only in the semi-desert areas. The border section running to the southeast followed the Wadi Hallouf. There - about a kilometer from Bezereos - was the mountain Mergueb ed Diab, on which there was a 5 × 5 meter large Roman watchtower, which the archaeologist David Mattingly called the "eyes" of the small fort Bezereos. The tower also served as a signal station to the border fortifications to the south. The small fort Henchir Krannfir , which secured a pass road on the northern slope of the Dahar, was only seven kilometers northeast of the Dahar mountains on the south side of the Djebel Oum ech Chia . As a small fort, the Ksar Tabria could have secured an important road and the Limes hinterland further to the west. An organized irrigation system was used to produce basic foodstuffs that benefited the troops and the civilian population around the Bezereos small fort. The Itinerarium Antonini , a Roman imperial road directory from the 3rd century, mentions Bezeros as the fifth stop on the road from Tacapae ( Gabès ) to Leptis Magna .

Research history

In 1901 topographical brigades of the French military first mentioned extensive Roman remains in the vicinity of the Bir Rhezen well near Sidi Mohammed ben Aissa and measured many of the newly discovered building remains. The small fort, which was poorly preserved above ground, was obviously not documented in more detail. Between 1909 and 1910, the French officer Raymond Donau carried out excavations in the fortification, after first briefly describing it as part of a military study. A team list carved in stone from the years 209 to 211 AD, which he discovered in 1919, enabled the French archaeologist Alfred Merlin (1876–1965) to identify the location by name. The garrison named there in the genitive Vezerei - i.e. Vezereos - corresponds to the bezereos from the Itinerarium Antonini and the Notitia dignitatum , a Roman state manual from the first half of the 5th century. The historian Maurice Euzennat (1926-2004) published a first rough plan of the complex after a Franco-Tunisian project carried out from 1968 to 1970 to explore the southern Tunisian section of the Limes Tripolitanus . Many other scientists in the coming decades referred to this plan and commented on the old results without any new, intensive research or excavations being scheduled at the fort. In autumn 1999, in spring 2002 and in autumn 2008 the archaeologist Michael Mackensen examined the site during short field visits .

Building history

description

The find zone at the small fort Bezereos, which was built on a roughly eight to twelve meter high, flattened hill, was in the opinion of the British archaeologist David Mattingly in 1994 one of the most puzzling of this section. As the French archaeologist Pol Trousset wrote about Bezereos as part of the Franco-Tunisian research project in 1974, the only 0.33 hectare garrison can at best be described as a small fort. On the basis of the already mentioned team list from the years 209 to 211 AD, which Danube found in the inner courtyard of the fort, it would have to be assumed that there was a unit of around 300 men, the vexillation (department) of the Legio III Augusta stationed in Lambaesis was displaced . The list also names eight centurions who were certainly in command in the neighboring small forts. Mattingly speculated with this number of crews that with some probability a previously unknown, larger fort could still be located under the sand near Bezereos, since the previously known, rectangular complex with its small dimensions of 50 × 65 meters indicated by Trousset does not match the epigraphic significance would.

Very little is known about the occupation of the fort in the late third century or in late antiquity.

Enclosing wall

The 1.80 to 2.20 meter wide enclosure wall of the small fort Bezereos, which descends steeply towards the semi-desert on its northern front, has the rounded corners typical of mid-imperial forts and consists of an outer wall shell made of stone blocks and a core made of opus caementicium . The formwork enclosing the core inside the fortification was made of mortared rubble masonry. Significantly, these corners are designed at right angles inside the system. A 0.85 meter or 0.95 meter wide hatch is located in the middle on the northern narrow side of the surrounding wall. At an unknown time, this gate was walled up. In addition, on the western long side, in the immediate vicinity of the southwest corner, there was a 3.50 meter wide, single-lane driveway into the interior of the fortification. This driveway is flanked by two 1.30 meter wide gate walls that extend one meter into the interior. The long-term study by Mackensen showed a massive deterioration in the structural condition of the enclosing wall, which within a decade - from 1998 to 2008 - had lost its topmost ashlar layer, which had been preserved in places.

The archaeologist assumed that the original main gate of the complex could have been located in the middle on the southern narrow side of the surrounding wall and that the Severan restitution inscription discussed in detail below was originally attached above this gate. The suspicion of having to look for the main gate at this point is corroborated by the fact that there is a 3.50 × 6.70 meter and 0.70 meter thick long rectangular foundation one meter out of the two meter wide bond at this point the south wall protruded outwards and at the same time protruded 0.50 meters into the interior of the fort. The uppermost stone layer of this foundation, which has largely been preserved, consisted of various limestone spoils . These included various reused cuboids, multi-profiled cornices as well as swell and arch stones. Also of scientific interest were two reused simple pilasters of the capital of the Tuscan- Doric order , of which Mackensen had an expertise drawn up by the archaeologist Johannes Einartner . The shape of these two capitals, which is common in Tunisia, was made during the entire Roman Empire. When looking at the spoils, Mackensen thought of recognizing a chronologically younger tower in these remains, with which the original main entrance was added at a later point in time. He carefully dated the construction of the capitals to the late second or early third century, while he could envision the conversion of the gate to a tower in the fourth century.

Mackensen was the first to recognize another important detail of the system. He was able to discover another quarry stone wall running parallel to the northern perimeter wall around 15 meters from the north side of the small fort in front of a steep drop. This wall section also had a passage at the same height as the small hatch in the northern perimeter wall, which, however, must have been around four meters wide. The upstream wall bent over a rounded northeast corner to the south and could then be followed at a distance of around 23 to 25 meters parallel to the eastern perimeter wall. It ended approximately at the level of the southeast corner of the small fort at a small round tower. From there the wall line changes its direction to the southwest and flows into the slope below the rectangular tower belonging to the fort. How this additional wall can be chronologically assigned is unknown. Mackensen assumed a late Roman reconstruction.

Interior development

Trousset, who in 1974 only marginally dealt with the structural design of the small fort, noted very briefly:

"Une porte est visible, semble-t-il, sur la face north, des restes de construction sur la face intérieure ouest."

Translation: "A gate is recognizable, it is on the north wall, remnants of the interior are in the west."

On the other hand, Mackensen could no longer see any traces of interior development in his prospecting until 2008. Obviously there were no corner or intermediate towers. Mattingly, too, was not aware of any details about a possible interior structure as early as 1994. Conceptually, however, the fortification is similar to the aforementioned small fort Tisavar near the Ksar Ghilane oasis and the small fort Henchir Mgarine on the northern edge of the Djebel Tebaga .

Dating

Stone documents

Based on the information in the crew list from the years 209 to 211 AD, the possibility exists that under the Severians (193-235) the seat of a Praepositus , a high commander, was in Bezereos who had several types of garrison under him . Indicative of this possibility could be the fact that the Notitia dignitatum in the list des Dux provinciae Tripolitanae (commander of the border troops in the province of Tripolitana) actually mentions a Praepositus limitis Bizerentane for bezereos . The Limes Bizerentanus - with its center in Bezereos - formed a sub-sector between the Limes Tamallensis and the Limes Talalatensis in late antiquity.

A few years before the team list was drawn up , a consular-dated restitution inscription donated to the then reigning Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) and his co-regent Caracalla (211-217) was attached to the fort in AD 201 - also by a department of the Legio III Augusta :

[Imp (erator) Caes (ar) L (ucius) Septimius Severus] Pius Pert (inax) Aug (ustus)
[et Imp (erator) Caes (ar) M (arcus) Aurelius Ant] oninus Aug (ustus)
[〚Brit (annicus) Part (hicus) max (imus) Germanicus〛titul] um quod di-
[vo Commodo fratre suo eras] um fu-
[erat restituerunt per vexi] lla [tionem 〚leg (ionis) III Aug (ustae)〛]
[p (iae) v (indicis) Q (uinto) An] ici [o Fausto l] eg (ato) Au [g (ustorum) pro]
[pr] aet [o] re c (larissimo) v (iro) c [o (n) s (ule) sub] cura C (ai) I [uli Saturnini]
| (centurionis) [leg (ionis)] eiusde [m] Muciano [et Fabiano co (n) s (ulibus)]

Translation: “The emperor Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax, the pious, the Augustus, and the emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the Augustus, Britannierieger, greatest Partherieger, Germanensieger, have the inscription, which his brother, the deified Commodus, had been erased , restored by a division of the 3rd Legion, Augusta ', the loyalty, the protector, under Quintus Anicius Faustus , governor of the Augusti with propratory powers, senator, consular, under the supervision of Gaius Iulius Saturninus, centurion of this legion, as (Marcus Nonius Arrius) Mucianus and (Lucius Annius) Fabianus were consuls. "

After the assassination of the emperor Commodus , who ruled from 180 to 192 AD , a Damnatio memoriae (condemnation of memory) was issued against him, which led to his name in the inscriptions being erased. After Septimius Severus reversed this step in AD 197, even calling Commodus "his brother" and having him deified, vexillations of the Legio III Augusta were busy re-inserting the previously chiseled name of the damned into the inscriptions. The above inscription gives an indication of this event. When the Legio III Augusta itself fell to the Damnatio memoriae in 238 , its name was also deleted from the inscriptions.

The traces of the fortification that are visible today were created during the reign of Emperor Commodus at the latest. This is indicated by the above-mentioned restitution inscription. It is possible that a vexillation of the Legio III Augusta was already in this place under Commodus . For comparison: a building inscription discovered on the 0.08 hectare small fort Tisavar in the south dates from the years between 184 and 191 AD.

A dedicatory inscription from the period from 198 to 211 names an option of the 3rd Legion 'Augusta':

Minerv (a) e Aug (ustae) sac [rum]
pro salute d [o] min [orum]
nostrorum Im [perato] -
rum L (uci) Septi [mi Se] ve [ri]
et M (arci) Aureli Antonin [i]
"Brit (annici) [P] ar [th (ici)] Ger [m (anici)]"
"max (imi)" Augg (ustorum) et Iul [iae]
August (a) em (atris) Augg (ustorum) [e] t [cas] -
trorum Iulius Z [e] no
optio leg (ionis) III Aug (ustae) ar [am]
posuit deae patria [e]
ex viso libent [e] an [i] -
mo votu [m] exs [ol] -
vit

Translation: “Saint Minerva Augusta, for the salvation of the Lords, our rulers Lucius Septimus Severus and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the conquerors of the British, the conquerors of the Parthians, greatest conquerors of the Germans, the Augusti and Julia (Domna) Augusta, the mother of the Augusti and of the forts. Julius Zeno, Optio of the 3rd Legion, Augusta 'built the altar of the goddess of the fatherland on the basis of a spiritual vision and fulfilled his vow. "

Ceramics

In a critical review of Trousset's work in 1980, the archaeologist René Rebuffat regretted that neglecting the ceramics readings would be incomprehensible in terms of the chronology of a find, and Mattingly also pointed out that ceramics were not identified. Mackensen therefore undertook inspections for the first time to fill this knowledge gap, pointing out that a systematic field inspection was still pending. The ceramic fragments he recovered comprised a few thin-walled sigillata forms from the third century. He also attributed several remains of collar shells with high rims and the shoulder of a clay-ground “sea urchin lamp” with a perforated handle to the small fort of the third century. In contrast to the early pieces for the fort square, the pottery yield for the fourth and fifth centuries was particularly high. The various late sigillata forms of plates deserve special mention. It appeared that this garrison location was largely, if not exclusively, supplied with sigillates from the central Tunisian pottery center Henchir el Guellal near Djilma . According to research by archaeologists David Peacock (1939–2015) and Philipp Pröttel, these factories ceased operations towards the middle of the fifth century. Mackensen therefore assumed a cautious end to deliveries to the small fort by around 430/440 AD with a view to his finds. A subsequent continuous use of the military facilities has not yet been proven.

Vicus

A small Roman settlement was located near the garrison, which also formed the vicus , the camp village typical of most of the border fortifications. The archaeologist Louis Poinssot (1879–1967) reported in 1938 on an excavation in the ruins of Sidi Mohammed ben Aissa, during which a Roman settlement was partially uncovered. The excavators found a two-story building, unsure whether one of the floors was the first floor or the basement. In addition to five rooms, the beginning of a gallery was also determined. Due to the well-preserved hollow bricks (tubules) , one room was equipped with hypocaust heating and was interpreted as a steam bath. The adjoining room had a heated bathing pool. The remains of very large bricks were found there, some of which were painted green and gray, including the head of a bird, the tail of a fish and the remains of a four-legged animal.

literature

  • Hermann Dessau : Bezereos . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume III, 1, Stuttgart 1897, Col. 379.
  • René Cagnat , Alfred Merlin, Louis Chatelain: Inscriptions latines d'Afrique. Paris 1923, No. 26; AE 1922, 54
  • Raymond Donau : Recherches archéologiques effectuées par MM. Les officiers des territoires du Sud Tunisien en 1907. In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1909, pp. 30–50 (here: pp. 35–38; online ).
  • Werner Huss : Bezereos. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 2, Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-476-01472-X , Sp. 615.
  • Jean-Marie Lassère: Remarques onomastiques sur la liste militaire de Vezereos . In: William Hanson, Lawrence Keppie (Eds.): Roman Frontier Studies 1979. Papers presented to the 12th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies . BAR International Series 71.3, Oxford 1980, pp. 955-975.
  • Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259-270.
  • David J. Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 1995, ISBN 0-7134-5742-2 , pp. 84-85. 100 Fig. 5: 8 (E-book with identical content: ISBN 0-203-48101-1 ; the number of pages in the e-book is different for technical reasons).
  • Alfred Merlin : Le fortin de Bezereos sur le limes tripolitain. In: Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1921, pp. 236-248 ( online ).
  • Louis Poinssot: Sur une maison romaine de Bezereos. In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. 1938-1940, p. 259.
  • Louis Poinssot: Les ruines de la station Bezereos. In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. 1936-1937, pp. 321-325.
  • Pol Trousset: Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 , pp. 75–77 Fig. 15, 2; 26a.
  • Pol Trousset: Bezereos. In: Encyclopédie Berbère. Vol. 10, Édisud, Aix-en-Provence 1984, ISBN 2-85744-549-0 , pp. 1487-1488.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Michael Mackensen , Hans Roland Baldus : Military camp or marble workshops. New investigations in the eastern area of ​​the Simitthus / Chemtou labor and quarry camp. von Zabern, Mainz 2005, ISBN 3-8053-3461-3 , pp. 70-76.
  2. ↑ Michael Mackensen : forts and military posts of the late 2nd and 3rd centuries on the "Limes Tripolitanus" . In: Der Limes 2 (2010), pp. 20–24; here: p. 22.
  3. ↑ a b c Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 263.
  4. ^ A b David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 157.
  5. ↑ The summit of Mergueb ed Diab at 33 ° 29 ′ 41.85 ″  N , 9 ° 30 ′ 23.91 ″  E
  6. ↑ Guy Barrère in: Gabriel Camps (Ed.): Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 5: Beni Isguen – Bouzeis. Édisud, Aix-en-Provence 1991, ISBN 2-85744-549-0 , p. 1488.
  7. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 130.
  8. ^ A b Pol Trousset: Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne . (=  Etudes d'Antiquites africaines ), Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 , p. 79.
  9. ↑ Small fort Henchir Krannfir at 33 ° 32 '4.92 "  N , 9 ° 33" 54.6 "  E
  10. ^ Itinerarium Antonini 74, 5.
  11. ↑ Michael Mackensen : Gasr Wames, a burgus-like small fortress of the middle 3rd century on the Tripolitan limes Tentheianus (Libya). In: Germania 87, 2009, pp. 75-104; here p. 276.
  12. ↑ a b Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 259.
  13. ^ A b Alfred Merlin : Le fortin de Bezereos sur le limes tripolitain. In: Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1921, pp. 236–248 ( online ; Merlin's article reproduces communications from Danube in its entirety).
  14. ^ A b René Cagnat , Alfred Merlin, Louis Chatelain : Inscriptions latines d'Afrique. Paris 1923, No. 26; AE 1922, 54 ; Epigraphic database Heidelberg .
  15. ^ Pol Trousset: Recherches sur le limes tripolitanus. Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2222015898 , p. 75.
  16. ↑ Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 260.
  17. ↑ a b c Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 261.
  18. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. University of Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0-472-10658-9 , p. 84.
  19. ^ A b David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. Taylor & Francis, 2005. ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 135.
  20. ^ A b Pol Trousset: Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 , pp. 75-77; here: p. 76.
  21. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 160.
  22. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 313.
  23. ^ Alfred Merlin: Le fortin de Bezereos sur le limes tripolitain. In: Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1921, pp. 236–248; here: p. 244.
  24. ↑ Round tower at 33 ° 30 ′ 12.37 ″  N , 9 ° 29 ′ 54.67 ″  E
  25. ↑ a b Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 265.
  26. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania. University of Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0-472-10658-9 , p. 100.
  27. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXI, 20.
  28. ↑ a b Pol Trousset: Bezereos. In: Encyclopédie Berbère. Vol. 10, Édisud, Aix-en-Provence 1984, ISBN 2-85744-549-0 , pp. 1487-1488; here: p. 1487.
  29. ^ René Cagnat, Alfred Merlin, Louis Chatelain: Inscriptions latines d'Afrique. Paris 1923, No. 27; AE 1928, 22 ; Epigraphic database Heidelberg .
  30. ^ Thomas Pekáry: The Roman Emperor Portrait in State, Cult and Society. Mann, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3786113858 , p. 138.
  31. ^ Robert Saxer: Investigations into the vexillations of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Diocletian (=  epigraphic studies 1.  Supplements of the Bonner Jahrbücher 18). Böhlau, Cologne 1967, p. 101.
  32. ↑ CIL 8, 11048 . The reading and addition of the last two lines is very uncertain there. The dating is based on the title of the Commodus. Compare: Gerhild Klose, Annette Nünnerich-Asmus (eds.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire , Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 978-3-8053-3429-7 , p. 65.
  33. ^ AE 1909, 152 .
  34. ↑ René Rebuffat Rebuffat: A propos du "limes Tripolitanus". In: Revue archéologique 1 (1980), pp. 105-124.
  35. ^ David J. Mattingly: Tripolitania , Batsford, London 1995, ISBN 0-7134-5742-2 , p. 80.
  36. ↑ Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: pp. 266–267.
  37. ↑ Michael Mackensen : On the late Roman use of the small fort “Vezereos” on the “limes Tripolitanus” (southern Tunisia) . In: Peter Henrich , Christian Miks, Jürgen Obmann, Martin Wieland (eds.): Non solum .... sed etiam . Festschrift for Thomas Fischer on his 65th birthday, Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2015, ISBN 978-3896460813 , pp. 259–270; here: p. 268.
  38. ↑ Louis Poinssot: Sur une maison romaine de Bezereos. In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1938–1940, p. 259.