St. Marien Monastery (Stade)

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The Monastery of St. Mary (1141-1648) is a former abbey of Benedictine in Stade in Lower Saxony . Patrons were Beata Maria Virgo , St. Peter and Paul , St. Johannes , St. Vitus , St. Cosmas and Damian .

founding

Preparations for the foundation began in 1141 at the latest. The foundation of the monastery outside the fortified settlement of Stade ( in suburbio Stadensi ) was initiated by the family of the Stader bailiffs . On July 2nd, 1142, Archbishop Adalbero von Bremen consecrated the initially built wooden chapel to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In 1147 the founding process was completed with the confirmation of the foundation by Archbishop Adalbero of Bremen and the appointment and ordination of the first abbot. The Harsefeld Monastery played a massive role in this, because it also sent the monks who formed the first convent of St. Marien before Stade. Including Adalward, who was ordained the first abbot of St. Mary.

The mentioned as founders three brothers Dudo, Adeko and Rikbert were the sons of the already 1101 in converting the provost to Harsefeld Harsefeld Alvericus involved in a Benedictine monastery, which was sent in 1102 together with the monk Andreas to Rome the Pope to be assumed. He was referred to as liber homo . His son Rikbert can be proven several times as Vogt von Stade. In 1164 he drowned. According to this, his younger brother Gottfried and later several of Adeko's sons are attested as bailiffs in Stade. The Bishop Albert von Buxthoeven of Riga , the Provost Rotmarus zu Dorpat and Abbot Hermann from the St. Paul's Monastery outside Bremen also came from this influential and wealthy family .

historical overview

The foundation of the Benedictine monastery of St. Marien zu Stade coincided with the start of regional development in the Altländer Marsch.

During the fighting for Stade and its conquest by the Danes in 1208, the unprotected monastery was also badly affected. The Guelph influence remained and increased again in the beginning of the 13th century. In 1204 the Staufer Agnes, heiress of Count Palatine Konrad near the Rhine and wife of Count Palatine Heinrich , son of Heinrich the Lion , was buried in the choir of the Marienkirche. Until 1219, the monastery received substantial endowments in the immediate vicinity of Stade and in Dithmarschen, which were owned by Count Palatine Heinrich. The Guelph influence ended in 1236 after a settlement with the Bremen diocese had taken place.

The numerous messages from the Baltic Sea region to Livonia are striking . The commitment of the founding family in the eastern colonization was clearly supported by the monastery. The relatively frequent use of the abbots of St. Mary as arbitrators in the papal mandate east of the Elbe confirm this. The monastery also acquired most of its reliquary from the east. The well-known Stade abbot Albert was ordained abbot in Stade in 1232 by the Bishop of Semgallia and legate for Livonia, Baldwin von Aulne, when he traveled to Livonia via Stade.

St. Marien sent the first monks from its convent to the Mecklenburg Benedictine monastery of Dobbertin , which was founded around 1220 . Presumably all or at least some of them returned to Stade after Dobbertin's conversion into a nunnery of the same order, which was carried out soon between 1231 and 1234. It is believed that the Benedictine nuns who were then sent to Dobbertin came from the nearby Zeven monastery in Stade . Because Zeven also had property in Mecklenburg , the village of Döbbersen with the church belonged to the Zeven monastery around 1226 . St. Marien von Stade had extensive possessions in Mecklenburg near Vellahn , but especially in Dobbertin, which Abbot Dietrich sold to the monastery there in 1243 for 60 Marks Lübeck coin. On the certificate hang next to the seal of Bremen Archbishop Gerhard II and the Bremen cathedral chapter, the seals of Abbot Dietrich and the Stade monastery.

Economic conditions

They founded the monastery on the goods on Campe that they received for their support. It was outside ( suborbio ) of the city on the narrow ridge of which coming from Campe in the city until the rocker projects. The founding was supported by the house monastery of the Stade Counts , the Abbey of St. Marien zu Harsefeld , which donated part of its land, the Campe with meadow, in exchange for the exchange of two other hooves and also provided the founding convention. The first abbot Adalward of the new foundation, appointed in 1147, came like the convent from the mother abbey of Harsefeld.

Naturally, the donors had transferred goods and income to the monastery. Until the end of its existence, the monastery of St. Marien had its main property in the immediate vicinity of Stade and also within the city. Within the city, it had probably initially received undeveloped land that was later turned into houses. In addition to the monastery area in Kampe and the village of the same name as well as the extensive Benedixwiesen, the villages of Bockhorst, Barge, Wiepenkaten and Haddorf belonged to the monastery. One of the oldest possessions was certainly the Kehdinger estates, which also began directly at Stade, Schölisch and Hörne and went on via Götzdorf, Drochtersen, Freiburg, Stellenfleht to Balje. There were other possessions in the Ostmarsch in the Geversdorf area. The Geest district between Schwinge and Altländer Marsch, located very close to the monastery, was particularly well occupied. The goods on the edge of the march were of particular importance, as the monastery had participated in the development of the lower march from here. Because the establishment of St. Marien coincided with the beginning of the land development in the Altländische Marsch. This monastery property was essentially preserved into the 17th century.

The monastery was also heavily involved in the eastern colonization. There were already before 1243 owner acquisitions in the Dobbertin monastery with the place Dobbertin . It can only be assumed that other goods further east belonged to the monastery, but soon had to be abandoned. Donations were made as early as 1218 by the Count of Schwerin with three hooves in Vellan.

There is hardly any time when it is possible to give precise details about the size of the convent. It was never very extensive, but it should only have been significant in the 13th century. When Luder Busche was elected abbot in 1568, only four monks eligible to vote appear to have been in the monastery. In 1583, nine monks again took part in the election of Abbot Jodokus von der Beke. Little is known about the origin of the abbots.

Buildings

Little is known about the appearance of the monastery building in front of the old city wall on the site of today's train station. The monastery was probably very well equipped. The first wooden chapel was consecrated in 1142, which was soon followed by a stone building. This was consecrated in 1165 by Archbishop Hartwig I of Bremen. As early as 1181, Count Gunzelin had the towers of St. Marien laid down because the city of Stade could be shelled from them. This suggests that they were built in the massive Romanesque style. So it must have been a multi-tower system at the time. It is not known when the towers were to be renewed and how the construction continued to develop. In 1448, a St. Andrew's Chapel, located separately from the main building in the monastery cemetery, was mentioned for the first time, in which there was a St. Anne's altar at that time. When the Great Guard moved towards Stade in November 1499 , the inmates of the monastery fled to the city and the citizens laid down the entire monastery complex, including the farm buildings, in order to deprive the guard of the permanent base for a siege. The reconstruction of the monastery was then carried out within the city walls. For this purpose, the Holy Spirit Chapel and its property were given to the convent.

Further development

From 1412 at the latest there was also a school in the monastery.

In 1499 broke Black Guard of the Archbishop of Bremen with the Dukes of during a feud Saxe-Lauenburg into the archbishopric of Bremen one. As a result, the monastery buildings were probably demolished on the "Kamp" at the instigation of the Stader Council. It was feared that the Black Guard, sheltered by the monastery buildings, might conquer the city or use the buildings as winter storage. There was a great dispute over compensation and reconstruction. In response to external pressure, the Stader Council compensated the monks. They received three large, unencumbered town houses, a building grant of 900 marks, the pensions and income from the St. Nicolai Hospital in front of Stade, a chapel on the destroyed monastery courtyard and extensive rights. The monastery itself was relocated to the building of the Heilig-Geist-Kapelle am Sande along with the three associated houses.

Reformation time and abolition

Lutheran preachers appeared in the city of Stade from 1522. The ideas of the Reformation only penetrated the convent slowly, so that the Benedictine abbey was preserved for a long time. The monastic community remained Catholic until 1568 when it became Protestant. However, the customs in the Protestant monastery seemed to deteriorate, as the election surrender of the second Protestant abbot Jobst von der Becke shows. You can see from it that even prostitutes lived in the monastery. This was then forbidden to the future abbots. The then convention of ten gentlemen apparently led a financially relaxed life.

After the archbishopric was re-conquered by the Swedes in 1645, the Swedish administration often took over the monastery and then secularized it . On April 7, 1648, Queen Christine of Sweden de facto ordered the abolition of the monastery by transferring all remaining property of the city that the monastery members had to pay off. A large part of the monastery property, especially the outwork on the Campe with land and dairy farms, went to the city of Stade to compensate for the burdens of the Swedish occupation. Christine reserved the right to access the monastery buildings and the church. It was then exercised with the conclusion of the peace treaty of 1648. The church became a budget and garrison church in 1650. The monastery courtyard, on the other hand, remained in the possession of the sovereign and served the Swedish government as a residence for the duchies of Bremen and Verden and the burial place of the Counts of Königsmarck until 1712.

Abbots of St. Mary

Names and dates indicate the documented mention as abbot .

  • 1147-1177 Adalward
  • 1177–1180 Gottschalk
  • 1180-1199 Elverus
  • 1199-1232 Christopher
  • 1232–1240 Albert von Stade
  • 1240-1282 Dietrich
  • 1282-1300 Friedrich
  • 1300-1309 John
  • 1309–1312 Heinrich
  • 1312-1324 Berthold
  • 1324-1351 Nicholas
  • 1351-1357 Otto
  • 1357-1366 Hermann Harburg
  • 1366–1375 Nikolaus Lobeken
  • 1375–1404 Erpo von Luneberg
  • 1404–1411 Eckhard von Aue
  • 1411-1433 Hartwig
  • 1433-1438 Markward Runge
  • 1438–1439 Johannes Borcholte
  • 1440–1468 Heinrich von Tarmstedt
  • 1468-1475 Borchard Grevesmöhlen
  • 1476–1502 Johannes von Bramstedt
  • 1503–1506 Hermann Lühmann
  • 1506–1509 Boetius Helderikes
  • 1509–1529 Gerhard Rode
  • 1529–1549 Jodokus von Bordeslohe
  • 1549–1568 Johannes Bruns
  • 1568–1583 Luder Busche (first Lutheran abbot)
  • 1583–1624 Jodokus von der Beke (second Lutheran abbot)
  • 1624–1627 Balthasar Marschalk
  • 1627–1628 Clemens von der Kuhla
  • 1628–1643 Emmerich Fünkler (from 1635 abbot of Murrhardt)
  • 1632–1648 Clemens von der Kuhla

seal

The oldest monastery seal is preserved in a document issued in Bremen on October 21, 1243 by the Dobbertin monastery with four seals attached to red and yellow silk. The seal has a pointed oval shape and shows the Madonna with the child on the left, sitting on the armchair. The inscription reads: + SIGILLUM: SANCTAE: MARIAE: I: STADIO. The oldest abbot seal also hangs on the same document. It is somewhat smaller, has pointed oval shapes and shows the abbot sitting on an armchair with a staff in his right hand and a closed book in his left hand.

Even in the 14th century, the same seal design existed for both seals. In the 15th century, the Madonna sits under a canopy in the convent seal. In 1502 there is an abbot and convent seal on a document from the city of Stade.

literature

  • P. von Kobbe: History and description of the country of the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Goettingen 1824.
  • HH Rotermund: Some news from the former monasteries in the Duchy of Bremen. Brunswick 1829.
  • KEH Krause: The abbots to St. Marien zu Stade from 1351-1411. Archive of the Association for the History and Antiquities of Stade, AF 1, 1862 pp. 172–174.
  • H. Wohltmann: History of the city of Stade. Stade 1956.
  • H. Krüger: The Stade Itinerary by Abbot Albert from around 1250 . In: Stader Jahrbücher NF 46, 1956 pp. 71–124, NF 47, 1957 pp. 87–134, NF 48, 1958 pp. 39–76.
  • Jürgen Bohmbach : Stader Stadtlexikon . Stade 1994
  • Jürgen Bohmbach (editor): Stade - From the beginnings of settlements to the present . Stade 1994
  • Heinz-Joachim Schulze: Stade . GERMANIA BENEDICTINA Volume VI Northern Germany: The Benedictine monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen , St. Ottilien 1979, ISBN 3-88096-606-0 , pp. 463-482.
  • Hans Wohltmann: The history of the city of Stade on the Lower Elbe . Publishing house of the Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, Stade 1956

swell

Printed sources

Unprinted sources

  • State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS)
    • LHAS 2.12-3 / 2 Monasteries and orders of knights, monasteries outside Mecklenburg. Stade Benedictine monastery.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz-Joachim Schulze: Stade. In: The Benedictine monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen. 1979 p. 467
  2. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 320.
  3. ↑ LHAS 2.12-3 / 2 Monasteries and orders of knights, Monasteries outside Mecklenburg. Benedictine monastery Stade, No. 29.
  4. ↑ MUB I (1863) No. 242.
  5. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 551.
  6. ↑ Heinz-Joachim Schulze: Stade . In: The Benedictine monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen. 1979 pp. 478-479.
  7. ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 551.
  8. ↑ Documents of the St. Marien monastery in Stade Nds. StA Stade, Dep. 8 No. 45.

Coordinates: 53 ° 35 ′ 14.5 "  N , 9 ° 29 ′ 43.2"  E