Mariengarten monastery
| Mariengarten monastery | |
|---|---|
 Monastery church and monastery house |
|
| location |
 Germany Lower Saxony |
| Coordinates: | 51 ° 26 '45 " N , 9 ° 52' 6" E |
| Patronage | St. Mary |
| founding year | around 1245 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1631 |
| Mother monastery | Beuren |
The Mariengarten monastery estate is an estate with a church and residential buildings southwest of Dramfeld in the municipality of Rosdorf , Lower Saxony . It was founded in the 13th century as a Cistercian convent and was profaned in 1631.
geography
Mariengarten lies west of the Leinegraben in the Dramme valley , which flows through the middle of the estate. Neighboring towns are the villages of Dramfeld 1.5 km northeast of the estate, Volkerode 2.5 km north, Dahlenrode 3 km southwest and Jühnde a good 5 km west-northwest. Mariengarten is about 200 m above sea level. NN height, east of the place the terrain rises to 282.1 m above sea level. NN high wooded Drammeberg, south-southwest to a good 330 m above sea level. NN high Rieschenberg and to Rikusberg. To the south of the village on the right side of the Dramme you can find Pararendzina floors, on the left side of the Dramme Pelosole and on the valley side Pseudogley - Parabraunerde . The surrounding rocks are different layers of shell limestone to the south and north-west of the property, and Keuper in the south-west .
history
Archaeological finds of two stone axes, flint blades, anthropogenic stone fragments in the vicinity of Mariengarten as well as settlement finds west of the estate prove the human use and probably settled settlement of the Drammetal in the immediate vicinity of Mariengarten as early as the Neolithic Age . In the Middle Ages there was a village on the site of Mariengarten, which is called Welderekeshusen or Eilwardeshusen . Written evidence that can certainly be related to this village can only be found from the time the monastery was founded around 1245.
The Mariengarten monastery was founded in the middle of the 13th century on or in the immediate vicinity of the village of the deserted village of Welderekeshusen . The first written mention is in a document from 1246 in which Helwig von Ungeride and his mother handed over his niece Elisabeth to the Mariengarten monastery ( "in Orto sancte Marie" ) and bequeathed property in Unterrieden. The founder was provost Bruning of the Beuren monastery , which is therefore accepted as the mother monastery of Mariengarten. For the founding of the monastery, the Counts of Everstein had to renounce their rights to the village. The founding convention from Beuren moved to Mariengarten in 1249. The foundation took place in the overlapping area of the interests of the Archdiocese of Mainz , which is considered to be a co-initiator of the foundation, the Dukes of Braunschweig and the Landgraves of Thuringia. After the Leinegau fell to the Duchy of Brunswick with the extinction of the Ludowingers , Mariengarten was in the Guelph territory. Legal matters of the monastery itself were decided by the regional court on the Leineberg near Göttingen or the sovereign, while the Friedland court was responsible for the high level of jurisdiction in the monastery area. With regard to church administration, Mariengarten was subordinate to the Archdeacon Nörten in the Archdiocese of Mainz. The initial equipment by Provost Bruning with four Hufen Landes, which he had acquired in his birthplace in Welderekeshusen in 1245, was expanded in the following decades through donations and purchases. The transfer of ownership took place predominantly through the wealthy in the area from the south Lower Saxony and north Hessian aristocratic families. In older traditions, the Counts of Everstein are particularly emphasized and even named as the founder of the monastery, but this cannot be proven on the basis of the traditional documents. In addition to land ownership and tithe rights in the immediate vicinity of the monastery, which formed the monastic manor, there were initially also more distant free float. The monastery exercised patronage rights in the nearby villages of Dramfeld, Elkershausen , Deiderode and Atzenhausen as well as at the St. Johannis church in Dransfeld (which was demolished in 1779) and the church of the now devastated village of Hungershausen , and it also had the lower jurisdiction in Dahlenrode , in Wetenborn and of course in the actual Mariengarten monastery district. Since the 14th century, the monastery has acquired less land; more distant lands have been leased or sold. Towards the end of the 14th century, the effects of the late medieval agricultural crisis made themselves felt in the monastery. Although the financial crisis did not hit Mariengarten quite as quickly and severely as it did in neighboring monasteries, Mariengarten also had to incur debts and pledge land. The economic situation only recovered towards the end of the 15th century, reforms in monastic life also took place and structural changes were made to the monastery. Despite the crisis, Franciscus Lubecus states that 70 virgins and monasteries lived in Mariengarten in the summer of 1420, 52 of whom are said to have died during a plague in August and September of the same year. In 1497, however, only ten conventual women are listed, according to an inventory from 1585 there were 16 sister cells on the upper floor of the monastery house and 25 cells in the “maiden dormitory”.
The Mariengarten monastery owned a relic of the Holy Blood , to which an annual pilgrimage took place. A St. Anne's Chapel is said to have been built for this purpose. While the Reformation had already been introduced in Göttingen and other surrounding areas, Mariengarten remained Catholic until Anton Corvinus' general visit to the church in 1542. For the monastery, the introduction of the Reformation initially meant that a bailiff was appointed to represent the sovereign over the monastery. The monastery was now obliged to make payments to the sovereign and had to pledge property again. In addition, fewer and fewer women entered the now officially Protestant convention. The takeover of the principality of Calenberg-Göttingen by the Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel line led to a new financial administration and a renewed improvement in the monastery's economic situation. During the Thirty Years' War , a Catholic monastery was briefly established in Mariengarten. In 1629 the monastery as well as the monasteries in Hilwartshausen and Weende were transferred by the sovereign to the University of Helmstedt . In 1631 there was a looting, which led to the permanent abandonment of the monastery.
The Mariengarten monastery property today belongs to the Hanover monastery chamber .
Abbesses (selection)
- 1302-1313 Adelheid
- 1360–1366 Jutta von Rusteberg
- 1366–1406 Richenza, daughter of Duke Ernst I of Braunschweig-Göttingen
- 1419–1421 Leofgard von Stockhausen
- 1429–1455 Gertrud von Grone
- 1464–1481 Gertrud von Uffeln
- 1489–1507 Adelheid Emeke, first non-aristocratic abbess
- 1508–1537 Margarethe von Minnigerode
- 1537–1574 Kunigunde Elemod
- 1575–1618 Gertrud Koch
Tenants, administrators and officials
- 1737–1748 Jakob J. Kellner
- 1752–1779 Justus Friedrich Oppermann
- 1780–1803 Carl Friedrich Schwickard
- –1820 Paul Friedrich Carl Reinbold
- –1843 Justus Erich Baring
- (1876) Theodor Baring
- (1896, 1906) Claus Baring
- 1908–1930 Wilhelm Ohlner
- 1930–? Otto Göpel
Structural system
The monastery property is separated from the country road in the north by a natural stone wall with a decorated driveway and a pedestrian gate next to it. In addition to the buildings dominating the complex, the church, the monastery house and the tenant house, the estate also consists of numerous commercial and residential buildings. A massive pigsty, sheepfold and cowshed as well as a deputate house were built in the second half of the 18th century, a half-timbered mill building was supplemented by an upper floor at the beginning of the 20th century. A barn, a machine shed and a sheepfold were built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and in 1901 a few small single-storey workers' houses with ancillary rooms were built on Landstrasse.
Monastery church
The monastery church is the dominant building on the southern bank of the Dramme. It was built in the second half of the 13th century in the Gothic style as a long rectangular building made of limestone rubble, the corner blocks as well as the window and door frames are set off in red sandstone. The north side is supported by three buttresses, the windowless west side by a central buttress. The small octagonal bell tower above the western front, which is reminiscent of a gable rider, is characteristic. The eight ogival sound openings are decorated with tracery .
The western part of the church is formed by the nuns gallery, which is supported by a groin vault on unadorned rectangular pillars. The resulting low space under the gallery has two aisles and is three bays long. After the dissolution of the monastery, it was partly used as a forge and milk cellar. The single-nave eastern part of the church is spanned with a four-bay ribbed vault, and a simple flat ceiling is built in over the western part. In the east, the church just closes, the three-part Gothic tracery window in the east gable is now covered with stained glass. There are two stone tombstones in the church, the rest of the interior is new.
Today the monastery church serves the parish of Deiderode-Mollenfelde-Mariengarten in the Evangelical-Lutheran community of Friedland as one of three parish churches.
Monastery house
The late Gothic monastery house is attached at right angles to the eastern part of the south side of the church. It was built under Abbess Margarethe von Minnigerode, who headed the monastery from 1510 to 1534. The structure clearly towers above the church, the hunching of the north gable forms a surface with the northern half of the gable roof, which means that the structure is clearly recessed in the north view. The two lower floors are made of limestone, while the second floor is made of half-timbered houses. The lower floors have almost regularly arranged window and door openings with sandstone walls, some of which are rectangular, some with pointed arches. Some of the horizontal lintels have elaborate curtain arches as decoration, others just a simple profile. On the ground floor right next to the church there is a room with two cross vaults with underlaid ribs, in which a keystone bears the date "1529". The room had a passage to the church, but not to the rest of the monastery house, and originally served as a sacristy for the monastery church, later as the abbess's treasury. The half-timbered upper floor clearly protrudes on slightly decorated lugs and shows a threshold with line decorations. The low parapet fields are mostly covered with wood, the compartments above are plastered white, every fourth field is closed with wooden ventilation grilles. Struts are only found at the ends of the building. Remains of the former nuns' cells can be found on the upper floor ; later it was used as a grain floor . The high gable roof has regularly arranged flat dormers with wooden ventilation grilles.
Tenant house
The detached late baroque tenant house was built in 1739 for the estate manager Jakob J. Kellner. It is a simple, brightly plastered rectangular building with two floors above a rubble stone base. A steep hipped roof completes the building, the central entrance in the seven-axis longitudinal front is accessible via a transversely arranged double-sided staircase. The corner blocks and the walls of the rectangular windows and the door with a weak segmental arch are made of sandstone.
Culture and tourism
The monastery property is managed, is not developed for tourism and is usually not open to the public. There is no public car park. Concerts are held irregularly in the monastery church, and a Hubertus mass is held here in autumn. Since 2015, a divine service with rediscovered cantatas has been held in autumn, which is organized by the Georg-Friedrich-Einicke-Gesellschaft . The Loccum – Volkenroda pilgrimage route leads directly around the monastery property.
traffic
Mariengarten is located directly on the south side of Landstrasse 564, which connects the neighboring towns of Dramfeld and Dahlenrode. Immediately to the north-west of the estate is the entrance to the federal motorway 38 at the Drammetal triangle , a few hundred meters away , via which there is a connection to the federal motorway 7 . Mariengarten is connected to Dramfeld and Friedland via line 134 of the Südniedersachsen transport association , the nearest train stations with passenger traffic are in Friedland and Göttingen .
literature
- Manfred von Boetticher : monastery and manor Mariengarten. Formation and change of a church property complex in southern Lower Saxony from the 13th to the 19th century. (= Sources on the economic and social history of Lower Saxony in modern times, published by the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen). Verlag Lax, Hildesheim 1989.
- Manfred von Boetticher: Document book of the Mariengarten monastery . (Göttingen-Grubenhagener deed book, 2nd department). Publications of the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen, XXXVII, Sources and Studies on the History of Lower Saxony in the Middle Ages, Volume 8. Verlag Lax, Hildesheim 1987.
- Heinrich Lücke: Südhannoversche Dorfbilder . Second booklet Mariengarten and the surrounding area . Turm-Verlag, Göttingen 1922
Web links
- Description of the Mariengarten Cistercian monastery on the Lower Saxony monastery map of the Institute for Historical Research
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Günther Meinhardt: Chronicle of the community Rosdorf and its localities . Volume 1: From the beginning to 1933 . Published by the community of Rosdorf. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 1988. ISBN 3-925277-14-5 . Pp. 126-149
- ^ Manfred von Boetticher: Document book of the Mariengarten monastery . In: Göttingen-Grubenhagener Urkundenbuch . 2nd department. August Lax, Hildesheim 1987, ISBN 3-7848-3017-X , No. 6, p. 34 f .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Peter Ferdinand Lufen: District of Göttingen, part 1. Altkreis Münden with the communities of Adelebsen, Bovenden and Rosdorf . In: Christiane Segers-Glocke (Hrsg.): Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany. Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony . tape 5.2 . CW Niemeyer, Hameln 1993, ISBN 3-87585-251-6 , p. 231-233 .
- ↑ a b c d Claudia Mohn: Medieval monastery complexes of the Cistercian women. Architecture of the women's monastery in Central Germany . Berlin contributions to building research and monument preservation 4. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-86568-030-3 , pp. 314-315
- ↑ a b c Manfred von Boetticher: Document book of the Mariengarten monastery . In: Göttingen-Grubenhagener Urkundenbuch . 2nd department. August Lax, Hildesheim 1987, ISBN 3-7848-3017-X , On the history of the Mariengarten monastery, p. 1-4 .
- ^ Peter Ferdinand Lufen: District of Göttingen, part 1. Altkreis Münden with the communities of Adelebsen, Bovenden and Rosdorf . In: Christiane Segers-Glocke (Hrsg.): Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany. Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony . tape 5.2 . CW Niemeyer, Hameln 1993, ISBN 3-87585-251-6 , p. 110 .
- ^ Franciscus Lubecus: Göttinger Annalen : from the beginnings to the year 1588 / edited by Reinhard Vogelsang, Göttingen, Wallstein, 1994, ISBN 3-89244-088-3 , p. 148 (f.87v)
- ↑ a b c H. Wilh. H. Mithoff: Art monuments and antiquities in Hanover . Volume 2: Principalities of Göttingen and Grubenhagen along with the Hanoverian part of the Harz Mountains and the county of Hohnstein . In: Contributions to the history, regional and folklore of Lower Saxony and Bremen. Series A: Reprints , Volume 2. Verlag Harro v. Hirschheydt, Hannover-Döhren 1974. ISBN 3-7777-0813-5 . Original: Helwingsche Hofbuchhandlung, Hanover 1873. Pages 126–127
- ↑ Manfred von Boetticher: Monastery and manor Mariengarten. Formation and change of a church property complex in southern Lower Saxony from the 13th to the 19th century. (= Sources on the economic and social history of Lower Saxony in modern times, Volume 12, published by the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen). Verlag Lax, Hildesheim 1989, ISBN 3-7848-3412-4 . P. 151
- ↑ Ev.-luth. Community of Friedland. Retrieved April 6, 2011 .
- ↑ VSN timetable line 134. Accessed on February 3, 2014 .