Upcoming dune broek
The Kommende Dünebroek was a commander of the Order of St. John in the extreme southwest of the Rheiderland in East Friesland . It was of great importance for the drainage of the region and had its own sewer . Further possessions of the coming were a grass house ( Vorwerk Dünebroek) and various courtyards in Wymeer and Marienchor. Although nuns are mentioned for the first time in 1510, Dünebroek, like the other branches of the order in East Friesland, has been a double since it was founded .
history
Little is known about the story of the Coming. The archive was lost except for a few remains. The Johanniter founded their branch around 1300. It was first documented on September 8, 1319 in the Groningen comparison between the Johanniter Chapter in Burgsteinfurt and the Frisian Commanderies under the name Wymaria . The name refers to the nearby village Wymeer in today's municipality of Bunde .
However, the buildings of the Kommende were to the west of the village near the medieval military road from Bremen to Groningen , 900 m on this side of today's Dutch border . According to a view from around 1650, the Kommende was a two-wing complex with an open tower, several outbuildings and a courtyard surrounded by a wall.
A wide swampy area, the eponymous “dune brook”, stretched north of the Coming River to Dollart , which was only three kilometers away . This name was first used in 1460 on a bell cast there as a dune corner and is interpreted as a swamp with individual hills . In the south there are large areas of moorland and heather. The southern border of the order's possession was the so-called Hillige Lohne , a medieval connecting route between the Dutch municipality of Bellingwolde and the Emsland town of Rhede . In the west, the river Lethe, whose bed roughly coincides with the course of the German-Dutch border in this area, bounded the property of the branch.
Large parts of the property were marshland that the Johanniter drained and then used as meadows or pastures. These formed the economic basis of the house. Livestock farming was the most important. There were pre-works in the Dünebroeker Grashaus , in Wymeer and probably also in Marienchor.
Due to its peripheral location on the borders with Emsland and the Netherlands, the Coming was repeatedly the target of attacks. During armed conflicts in 1492, the bishop of Münster , Heinrich von Schwarzburg , had dune brok robbed, Wymeer and Weener plundered and burned down. During the Saxon feud , land servants of the Black Guard robbed the Coming Dune Broek. In the course of the Reformation , the East Frisian Count Enno II appropriated Dünebroek in 1528, as did the other branches of the Order of St. John in East Frisia. During the Schmalkaldic War , the imperial troops of Charles V plundered the commander.
The Catholic religious life of the Coming Dune Broek expired in the time of the Reformation around 1550. From that year on, Protestant services were held in the church, which apparently was only broken up shortly before 1600. The property of the Johanniter in and around Dünebroek was given to the count's estate, from February 2, 1580 in lease and later in long lease. Other remnants of the Kommende remained until at least 1810. The owner then had it removed and replaced by a country house with a new moat and gatehouse. Today there is a farm on the site.
Art historical features
With the dissolution of the Coming Party in the Reformation, large parts of the furnishings were lost. Count Enno II appropriated a large part of the possessions of the commander and then sold them. The bell, cast around 1460, which may be a work of Ghert Klinghe , was preserved for a long time . Its inscription read: i de ere sunte johannis baptist da dünäbroeck ano dni m ccc l x. After the dissolution of the Kommende, it was brought to the Luther Church in Leer and destroyed during the First World War in 1917. The silver chalice in honor of St. John commissioned by Commander Arnold in 1511 is the only surviving altarpiece belonging to an East Frisian Johhanitenkommende in the possession of the Wibadi Church in Wiegboldsbur . There are six arches on the base of the cup, one of which is decorated with waves on which a ship floats.
literature
- Marc Sgonina: Dünebroek - Johanniter double coming . In Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxony Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810 . Part 1-4. Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3895349569 . Pp. 344-346.
- Enno Schöningh: The Order of St. John in East Friesland , Aurich 1973.
- Gerhard Streich: Monasteries, monasteries and comrades in Lower Saxony before the Reformation , in: Publication of the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen, II: Studies and preparations for the Historical Atlas Lower Saxony, 30th issue, Hildesheim 1986, ISBN 3-7848-2005-0 .
- Hemmo Suur: History of the former monasteries in the province of East Friesland: An attempt . Hahn, Emden 1838, p. 116 ff. (Reprint of the edition from 1838, Verlag Martin Sendet, Niederwalluf 1971, ISBN 3-500-23690-1 ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Paul Weßels (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Wymeer, municipality Bunde, district Leer (PDF; 633 kB), accessed on April 29, 2010.
- ↑ Gerhard Streich: Monasteries, monasteries and commander in Lower Saxony before the Reformation , in: Publication of the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen, II: Studies and preparations for the Historical Atlas Lower Saxony, 30th issue, Hildesheim 1986, ISBN 3-7848-2005- 0 , p. 55.
- ↑ a b c d Marc Sgonina: Dünebroek - Johanniter-Doppelkommende . In Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxony Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810 . Part 1-4. Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3895349569 . Pp. 344-346.
- ↑ a b Enno Schöningh: The Order of St. John in Ostfriesland , p. 35.
Coordinates: 53 ° 7 '54.2 " N , 7 ° 11' 36.8" E