Krupp night glow system
The Krupp night light system was a dummy of the Essen Krupp cast steel factory , which, as a mock system near Velbert , attracted Allied air raids during the Second World War , more precisely in the period 1941–1944, and was thus intended to divert attention from the actual production site of the then so-called armory of the German Empire . This facility was also called Scheindorf among the population .
Description of the plant
history
On the Velberter Rottberg , extending into the Asbach valley and the south of Essen, the German Air Force operated a night light system from 1941 to 1944. This was a simplified replica of the cast steel factory of Friedrich Krupp AG , one of the largest armaments factories in the German Empire . It had an area of 1.5 km × 2.5 km. In the first phase of the war, the aim was to suggest to the Allied aircraft, which attacked only at night, that the Krupp cast steel factory, which was poorly darkened and in operation, was located here. The night light system was supposed to attract attacks and keep it from the actual factory located about 10 km away in Essen. The system was thus a decoy , a kind of huge night target for the aircraft.
In fact, until the beginning of 1943 the bogus system attracted a large part of the bombing raids on the sparsely populated Rottberg, but there it was a considerable danger for the surrounding courtyards.
The mock system consisted of a multitude of mock-ups of industrial systems built with the simplest means, such as shed roofs , a gasometer , chimneys or a railroad running on an endless loop. The facility was probably planned and built in 1940/1941 by the Todt Organization in cooperation with the Krupp factory air raid protection. According to contemporary witness reports, the construction management was housed in an outbuilding of the Rottberg School , which was circled by the false railway. A heavy flak battery was stationed in fixed positions on the neighboring Gut Pollen am Vossnacken at the same time as the sham installation . The remains of the gun stands, ammunition depots and the crew barracks, which were still in good condition until 2012, were leveled by the new owner of the area.
Today only the guide bunker remains. The demilitarization of the building by the British military administration was able to prevent the building from being blown up in 1945 by the farmer on whose grounds the lead bunker was built, with reference to a supposed agricultural use.
Functional concept and construction
A detailed description of the Krupp night light system has been preserved in the Krupp Historical Archive, from which the following explanations are extracted. The description was made for the Allies by the Krupp factory air protection management immediately after the end of the war.
The assumption was that the planes flying in at night only approached the targets in rough orientation, while the exact aiming was purely visual. If the actual target was well darkened, but the decoy showed appropriate light phenomena, success could be expected. Many systems that existed in a real factory were recreated on the Rottberg, only that they were built with the simplest means of wood, chipboard, canvas and other lightweight construction materials. In addition, everything was a little smaller than the original, and specially designed so that real factories were suggested from a great height using nighttime lighting and lighting effects. Above all, the dummies of factory halls were built, this over imitated so-called shed roofs, as they were widespread as factory hall roofs. These shed roofs were about a man's height and lay on the ground. With cleverly arranged indirect lighting, one could mistake it for a real factory hall from a great height. In addition, a 36 m high wooden dummy chimney was built with artificial smoke clouds. There were various other replicas of systems with artificial light effects that were supposed to recreate foundry fires and welding work, and a kind of dummy gasometer. The heart of the system was a 2-track railway ( field railway ) with two trains that drove in a circle on an endless loop - also "discreetly" illuminated. Light effects were created on the trailers by burning them to simulate glowing slag . The locomotives were converted diesel-powered light rail locomotives that drove unmanned during the attacks. Apart from their nocturnal lighting and "lighting", the systems were camouflaged during the day and were rather inconspicuous, so that they were difficult to see from the air.
The technical components of the bogus system, officially called “deception devices”, were built according to “standard construction plans”; there was a separate military service regulation for this, the construction and operating principles for bogus systems. A total of 21 different deception devices are defined and documented with construction plans, material lists, etc. It can at least be assumed that other types of deception devices also existed.
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In contrast to the real factory, the dummy system was only set up “partially” and not across the board like a real factory. The nocturnal effects were enough to simulate the real work. The facility was a military security area. It was also "top secret". The operation was carried out by a unit of the Wehrmacht Air Force, which consisted entirely of older age groups, including many craftsmen, who could and should rebuild parts of the system in the event of the destruction of the system. The 3rd Company LS Department for special use in Luftgau VI was in action at Velberter Rottberg (3rd / LS.Abt. E.g. V. VI), which had its headquarters in the Flakkaserne Duisburg. The soldiers were housed unprotected in barracks on the site.
The location of the sham facility and the role of Lake Baldeney
If possible, pseudo-installations should be related to conspicuous terrain features ("auxiliary targets") such as rivers in roughly the same relationship as the protected object.
Depending on the location, dummy systems were also arranged as a mirror image of such auxiliary targets, including Krupp's night glow system. Here the Ruhr at least roughly defined the mirror axis between the real cast steel factory and the sham facility, with the Baldeneysee in the middle . Since it had been observed that enemy airmen used the surface of the water as the starting point for their orientation in order to take an attack course on the Krupp works from here, the Baldeneysee was drained in 1941 - in connection with the construction of the mock system - and the ground turned into a meadow. and farmland transformed. With the implementation of this measure, the Ruhr was only a river, on the axis of which the planes could orientate themselves, but without having a specific location reference. In relation to this axis, the real Krupp factories and the Krupp night light system were now roughly mirror-inverted, so that at least a disorientation seemed promising. In 1943, the Baldeneysee was full again in the wake of the Möhne disaster .
Leitbunker
A heavy guide bunker was built in the midst of the dummy systems in 1941 . It was from here that the electrical circuits were made, and it was here that the Luftwaffe's commanding personnel found protection against the inevitable attacks. The lead bunker was built to be "heavy" and bombproof. Due to its elevated position, almost all components of the bogus system could be viewed from there, which was important for the operation and management of the system. The bunker, made entirely of reinforced concrete , measures 9.10 m × 6.63 m on the outside, has a wall thickness of 1.10 m, a ceiling thickness of 1.40 m and contains an approx. 6.90 m × 4.40 m protective space . Ceiling and wall thickness are a specialty among the lead bunkers of dummy systems, because the bunker is thus made "bomb-proof", while almost all other systems were only made "shatterproof", mostly in brickwork. This fact shows the strategic importance of the Krupp night glow system. The entrance is secured by a splinter protection labyrinth. There is also an emergency exit on the opposite side. In each wall of the bunker there is a step-shaped observation slot that can be closed with steel slot slides, making a total of four. Almost all components of the dummy system could be overlooked via these observation slips, which was important for the operation and control of the electrical effects. The entire electrical switching and control equipment for the “deception devices” was located in the bunker. The cables were led to the outside via passage pipes in the outer walls, from there on to small wooden masts and via overhead lines into the area. Appropriate communication devices such as telephones and possibly radio devices were available as the command post. The bunker was heated by an oven. About 5 to 10 soldiers of the Luftwaffe operated the bogus system from there before and during the air raids. It was not intended to be used for accommodation, but only for the control and command center.
False signal rockets
In the course of the war, so-called false signal rockets were positioned at various points within the bogus system . These were shot up to a height of approx. 2,000 m when the aircraft were approaching and were designed so that they resembled the "Christmas trees" (target markings) dropped by the British scout planes and were intended to direct the bombers to the facility. The 15 cm rocket sham signal projectile (15 cm R-Ss-Ges), an approx. 2 m long rocket-like fireworks that was fired directly from its wooden transport box inserted in a launching rack, was used. The ignition was electrical.
Air defense
From a tactical point of view, the bogus systems also initially interacted with the local air defense, because an “important object” had to show the attackers signs of “defense”. About 1 km away on the pollen, a heavy anti-aircraft battery with four 8.8 cm anti-aircraft guns was set up in fixed positions at the same time as the mock system. Several flak searchlights with associated listening devices (so-called ring funnel directional hearers RRH) were also in position nearby , for example on Richrather Weg and on the Schafskanzel. According to contemporary witness reports, an aerial observation station was set up on the roof terrace of Gut Jägerhaus.
Flak position on the pollen
Gut Pollen is a hilly piece of land in the Velbert area that was not farmed until about 2007 and was not forested in its core area, which is located near the city limits of Essen- Kupferdreh . The pollen was used militarily by the German Armed Forces until around 1995 ; the nearby Ruhrland barracks in Essen-Kupferdreh had its training area here. This was "abandoned" when the Ruhrland barracks were demolished in 1995 and subsequently sold to a private owner. A few years later this began with the agricultural use of the site by growing grain. From the pollen you have an excellent view, especially over large parts of the Ruhr area , and also to the adjacent sham facility about 1 km to the northwest. Presumably for this reason, a permanently developed heavy air defense position was built here in 1940/1941, at the same time as the construction of the mock system. This flak position consisted of four gun positions, each with an 8.8 cm flak (the so-called eight-eight or eight-point-eight), a gun produced in large numbers and different versions, which was effective both at the beginning of the war and until the end of the war in air defense operations as well as in ground combat (anti-tank fighting) was feared by the war opponents. The 8.8 cm anti-aircraft guns stationed at the pollen were those on cross mounts, mobile using their own trailer chassis. They were guided and directed via a so-called command device, an opto-electrical range finder with a 4 m base and a highly complex electromechanical computing device. This transmitted to the coupled guns the guide values and the height values for the fuse setting machines attached to the guns. At the preset height, the grenades should then "crash" (disassemble themselves). Several other installations belonged to the four gun emplacements:
- Stand for command device / auxiliary command device
- Ammunition bunker
- 1 flanking, detached, small flak tower with a 2 cm flak against low-flying attacks (cannon on platform, accessible via stairs, ammunition store in the basement)
- 1 crew shelter (about 40 m long and 8 m wide flat building, walls and floor made of brick masonry, with a wooden roof placed on low windows, doors at both ends)
Thus, a total of eight individual subsystems belonged to the flak position. The gun emplacements and the other facilities were built in brickwork, which was partially reinforced with concrete. The wall thickness was approx. 40 cm. The floor of the gun emplacements was also made of brick. In the side walls there were large niches for the ready-to-use ammunition, for the communications device and for other accessories. On both sides there were 3 m wide entry and exit openings for the guns, which were then " blown off " in the position . The two chassis were then removed. The entry and exit openings were then closed with planks and sandbags . For this purpose, corresponding vertical "slots" approx. 10 cm wide were worked into the side walls, into which planks or beams were inserted up to the height of the surrounding wall. In front of these sandbags were piled up on the outside so that the operating team had relatively good protection against splinters all around. The height of the wall was so dimensioned that the gun could also be aimed horizontally and slightly negative, which was necessary for the (not relevant here) ground combat, but also for maintenance and repairs such as changing the barrel, etc. Based on the survey of the remains of the position carried out in February 2012 by volunteers of the LVR Office for Land Monument Preservation in the Rhineland (LVR-ABR), the historical aerial photographs, the comparison with other preserved flak positions from eyewitness reports, the following floor plan of a gun position was created. The Flak am Pollen was active from around 1941 to 1943, with the diminishing effect of the dummy system from 1943 it was probably withdrawn to the large flak battery at Overhammshof in Essen-Fischlaken. According to contemporary witness reports, afterwards flak fire was imitated in the empty cannon positions at Pollen by shooting down “powder pots”.
Air defense in the area
In addition, many other light and heavy anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft searchlights were in position in the entire area, which could be assigned to the air defense of the Ruhr area. An anti-aircraft battery known to the population was located very close to the Overhammshof in Essen- Fischlaken , and because of its close proximity to the Bovermann farmstead, they are also known as “Bovermann large battery” or “Bovermann-Flak”. There the second and third batteries of the heavy flaka division 233 (2./233 and 3./233) were combined to form a “large battery”, which also included a “Würzburg” radar device . From the summer of 1943, students in the 2nd and 233th middle school classes at the then "Hindenburg School" from Heiligenhaus , and in the 3rd and 233th high school students at the Velbert grammar school served as air force helper.
Dealing with local residents
The farmers had to give up their land for the construction of the sham facility, and if necessary they were expropriated. For them, the system meant a concrete threat and a drastic cut into "normal" life, because it represented an oversized nocturnal target for the attacking aircraft. The official specifications for the construction of false systems actually stipulated that a distance of 2 km had to be observed, 1 km to individual houses. If this was not spatially possible, a procedure for evacuating the population had to follow, but this was only to be limited to "emergencies". Here, however, the protected object was of immense importance (Kruppwerke), combined with the fact that the Rottberg represented a unique location for the construction of this pseudo-installation. So "higher goals" were placed above the well-being of the population and the direct residents of the individual farms within the mock complex were regularly evacuated from the Rottberg from around 10 p.m. to around 6 a.m. until the end of 1942. They were taken to surrounding inns or private quarters, including Velbert, Langenberg and Kupferdreh . The district of Hefel , which was less than 1 km from the center of the facility and housed forced labor camps , was not evacuated.
effectiveness
The facility served its purpose in 1941/1942 and was attacked more often, but never with a large, area-wide attack . It is more likely to have caused "confusion". Nevertheless, many bombs were dropped on the facility, both high-explosive bombs and more than 5,000 stick bombs , according to statistics drawn up by the Krupp factory air raid protection management immediately after the end of the war.
Since the facility was under military sovereignty, it can be assumed that the bombs counted here were registered "internally" and only partially entered into the police statistics of the city of Velbert known today. In individual cases, bombs dropped into the bogus facility can also be detected via police reports, for example, the Velbert police station 10 documented that in the night of April 6 to 7, 1942, four high-explosive bombs, each weighing 250 kg, struck in the immediate vicinity of the lead bunker and that there were also bogus bombs. Shed buildings and the dummy coking plant were destroyed.
In addition, a number of heavy bombs and air mines fell in the adjacent region, some of which were also victims. These were also assessed by the population as “valid for the Scheindorf”. The Allies "exposed" the facility as early as 1942, as an Allied intelligence report confirmed. But it was only after the bombers were equipped with the new ground detection radar from January 1943 and the resulting precise approach to attack the real Krupp factories that they lost their deception effect. Significantly, the statistics of the factory air raid control for bombing the mock facility also ended in January 1943. The cast steel factory was attacked for the first time in the spring of 1943, massively and with "success", but then increasingly and with ultimately destructive effects. If the bogus system had more or less fulfilled its purpose by then, its time was over by then at the latest. The plant was then shut down in early 1944 and began to deteriorate by the end of the war, as confirmed by aerial photographs.
After the Second World War
Dismantling by the residents
Immediately after the war, the population dismantled the dummy system and almost completely "recycled" it, as wood and the other materials as well as the cables laid across the site were rare and sought-after building materials. Even today you can often find the railway tracks of the fictional railway on the Rottberg - as fence posts. The farmers have removed larger residues, such as the concrete foundation of the chimney, in order to make the land arable again in the short term.
Removal of military installations by the Allies
The flak position at Pollen, however, was "blown up" by British troops, but its main features were retained. The 2 cm turret position and the northeastern gun post were soon removed.
The former lead bunker of the mock system was preserved. By chance he escaped the mandatory demolition of former military installations by the occupying forces . The then owner of the property, a farmer, was able to make it clear to the British occupation forces that he must use it for agricultural purposes - which was approved.
Emergency shelters
The team shelter and the ammunition bunker of the flak position at Pollen were converted into emergency shelters and used as such until the 1950s. Most of these parts of the system remained intact until the 1970s. Then the Bundeswehr began with their exercises, sometimes in the form that the positions were crossed with heavy all-wheel-drive trucks and light tracked vehicles and thus more and more destroyed. Even after the end of its use as a training area for the Ruhrland barracks , the basic features of the six remaining parts of the facility were still present and verifiable.
The lead bunker was also used for residential purposes. 1960–61 lived there a family of five who came to Velbert as guest workers from Spain . 1961-62 she was replaced by another family of six. The bunker had neither an electricity nor a water supply and at that time was isolated in the open. The room was divided lengthways into two "rooms" by a curtain. The emergency exit was used as a "window".
Roofing company, stables and storage cellar
At times in the 1970s there was a roofing company in the bunker. Numerous additions were built by 1980 that made the bunker no longer recognizable. At times the buildings were also used as stables.
Since the 1990s, the surrounding area has been used for allotment purposes and the bunker was due to its balanced indoor climate and a. used as a storage cellar for crops.
Archaeological research and preservation of monuments
Rediscovery of the bogus system, documentation and museum preparation
If the facility was previously "secret" and a restricted area, it was unimportant after the war and was completely forgotten for decades after its dismantling - the population had other concerns than looking after and documenting former military facilities. The only relic, the lead bunker, was hidden on private land in agricultural use and was not even known to the authorities. Only the residents of the Rottberg and a few older fellow citizens still knew what to tell about the former Scheindorf, but that too gradually went under and was sometimes even dismissed as a legend or fantasy by young fellow citizens.
At the beginning of 2012, a team of volunteers from the LVR-ABR began to deal with the system and to systematically research and document it. Allied aerial photos from the years 1941, 1944 and 1945 were an important source of this. In addition, numerous testimonies from contemporary witnesses could be recorded with which almost all information is mutually confirmed and which provide an impressive, but certainly also oppressive picture of the situation at that time. Today there is a stock of information secured from a variety of sources. During the research, some other finds that can be proven to belong to the dummy system were recovered, such as rails of the dummy railway and an insulator of the electrical system.
In 2018, the Krupp Historical Archive, the oldest German economic archive, the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation , based in the Villa Hügel, took over a track of the railway for safekeeping and archival development.
Entry of the guide bunker in the list of monuments
In Germany there were hundreds of false installations - industrial plants, airfields, tank farms, train stations, port facilities and even at least one false mine.
About 300 bogus installations alone are documented in an allied catalog, which, however, only includes those bogus installations that have been proven (i.e. "discovered") via reconnaissance photos, and also does not contain any bogus airfields. The exact number of false systems built is unknown and is likely to be several times higher.
Almost all of them have been eliminated - almost nothing has survived. It was only in the last few years that a hesitant historical preparation of the topic began, such as a documentation of the pseudo-installation at Stuttgart Central Station called “Brazil”.
Each of the systems had a switch / control station, mostly built in a light brick construction, and in the case of particularly large and important dummy systems, in rare cases, a bomb-proof switch / control bunker. These, however, have also been almost completely eliminated. As described above, however, the former control bunker of the Krupp night light system escaped removal and was preserved. This bunker system is one of the very few remains of such a dummy system in Germany, which is why it is historically almost unique and was placed under monument protection in September 2013 - the lead bunker is a registered monument of the city of Velbert. The work group Niederberg of the LVR - Office for Ground Monument Preservation in the Rhineland together with the owner of the facility had pushed the efforts in this direction.
Restoration work on the lead bunker
Since 2013, backup and restoration work has been carried out by the volunteers from donations. A contemporary bunker door was inserted, the step notches and the cable ducts opened, the furnace heating restored and the electrical installations reconstructed. The most extensive measure was the sealing of the concrete ceiling with materials suitable for historical monuments in 2017.
Destruction of the ground monument flak position
The north-western gun emplacement and the crew shelter for the flak position were particularly well preserved. As recently as February 2012, the remains of the position could be inspected, measured and photographed by volunteer employees of the LVR-ABR. In April 2012, the remains of the position were then torn down by the new owner of the site in order to obscure the remaining ground monument . The site has not been used to this day and has fallen into desolation.
Public relations and museum development
Open Monument Day
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Since 2012, the bunker has been made accessible to visitors to a modest extent by volunteers from the LVR Office for Monument Preservation in the Rhineland, taking aspects of monument preservation into account. The topic was received with great interest by the public. The working group of the LVR - ABDR presented the listed lead bunker on the respective Open Monument Day 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2019 - a total of more than 4,400 visitors found their way to the Rottberg to visit the facility and learn about the history of the dummy facilities in the Inform Second World War. On these memorial days, the working group held up to 110 short presentations for the visitor groups. The progress made in the reconstruction of the interior and the restoration of the building were presented, as well as the replica of a deception device based on the original construction plan.
Neanderland Museum Night
Every two years numerous museums, natural history discovery rooms, art associations and private collections open their gates for night owls on the museum night in the Mettmann district (it markets itself together with its district towns under the label “neanderland” as a tourist destination). On September 27, 2019, the Krupp night glow system also opened to visitors for the first time. Because of the remote location and the confusing terrain, only accompanied groups were led.
History board on the Neanderlandsteig
In 2016, the group of volunteer employees of the LVR, with the support of the Mettmann district, set up a notice board for the night glow system on the Neanderlandsteig , an approximately 240-kilometer circular hiking trail in the Niederbergisches Land. The point of view is on the rise from the Asbachtal to the Rottberg . It allows a view of the central guide bunker, 420 meters away, across the basin of the Rottberger Bach. The history board is equipped with information on current events.
Historical walks
Since 2017, LVR volunteers have been offering historical hikes over the Rottberg, during which the various parts of the mock system are explained on site. Due to the great popularity, the dates are posted exclusively for hikers on the history board on the Neanderlandsteig.
Leading bunker in art and culture
The Ensemble Ruhr, awarded the “Kultur- und Kreativpilot 2014” prize by the German government, set out on a journey to seven locations in the context of the SEVEN LAST WORDS IN SEVEN PLACES project from March 14th to 16th with music by Joseph Haydn Ruhr area, which are positively and negatively related to its structural change. The 5th stop on this trip was the former control bunker of the Krupp night glow system. A word from Haydn's work rang out at each place. The trip and the places with their atmosphere and local people were captured by photographers and journalists. The resulting photo and sound documentation could be experienced by the listener while listening to Haydn's entire work at the concluding concerts from March 19 to 21.
Present and look to the future
The former control bunker of the Krupp night light system is located on private property and is generally not accessible to the public. The facility is currently being looked after by volunteers from the LVR-ABDR. A visit can be requested individually at www.nachtscheinanlage.de.
literature
- Jürgen Lohbeck: The forgotten Scheindorf in Velbert. The Krupp night glow system on the Rottberg during World War II 1941–1945 . Scala Verlag, Velbert 2012, ISBN 978-3-9813898-6-9 . (Short version)
- Elke Janßen-Schnabel: The sham village of the Krupp works . In: Preservation of monuments in the Rhineland ( ISSN 0177-2619 ), Volume 30, 2013, No. 4, p. #.
- Jürgen Lohbeck: The war on our doorstep. Events, experiences, fates in World War II in Velbert, Langenberg and the surrounding area . Scala Verlag, Velbert 2013, ISBN 978-3-9813898-9-0 . (Short version)
- Helmut Grau, Jürgen Lohbeck, Josef Johannes Niedworok, Sven Polkläser: Forgotten buildings of deception of the Second World War. The Krupp night light system in Velbert . In: Archäologie im Rheinland 2013. Theiss Verlag, Darmstadt 2014, ISBN 978-3-8062-2986-8 , S. #.
- Wiebke Hoppe: Krupp night glow system, Mettmann district. In: LVR office for soil preservation in the Rhineland, Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz (Hrsg.): Archaeological war relics in the Rhineland. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1323-3 , S. #.
- Construction and operating principles for bogus systems, published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (Az. 41 L 46 10 No. 9659/42 (L. In. 13/3 III C / a), November 1942 edition
- Air Force Service Regulation 2400 Operation of Bogus Systems, L.Dv.g. 2400, published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, May 1941 edition
- Dr. Helmut Grau, Jürgen Lohbeck, Sven Polkläser: The Krupp night light system in Velbert . Scala Verlag, Velbert 2017, ISBN 978-3-9816362-8-4 . (Short version)
Web links
- Interest group for museum development architectural monument control station Krupp night glow system: History of the Krupp night glow system in Velbert
- Page with film and audio contributions about the Krupp night glow system
- Website of the neanderland STEIGes, sights along the way, stage 5: Velbert-Kidneyhof - Velbert: Krupp'sche Nachtscheinanlage 1941–1944, Velbert
- Audio contribution on Deutschlandfunk Kultur on December 4, 2018: The forgotten history of the false systems - counterfeit steelworks and train stations
Individual evidence
- ↑ Author traces the forgotten Velbert Scheindorf. on: wz-newsline.de from September 13, 2012.
- ^ "Cast steel factory" bombed on the Rottberg. on: lokalkompass.de from September 15, 2012.
- ↑ Historical Archive Krupp, reports WA 42/175 and WA 40B / 947: a) Report of the Krupp factory air raid management history of the air war of 23 May 1945 Krupp HA, WA 42/175 b) Description military dummy by the Krupp factory air raid management of 29 May 1945, A / CO HA Krupp, WA 40 B / 947 c) Report of the factory air raid protection management from June 11, 1945, HA Krupp, WA 40B / 947.
- ↑ Construction and operating principles for bogus systems , published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, November 1942 edition, in it V. Appendix, Compilation of the deception devices .
- ↑ Grau, Lohbeck, Polkläser: The Krupp'sche Nachtscheinanlage in Velbert. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2017, 2nd edition, page 63, with reference to the Voßmeyer estate.
- ↑ Construction and operating principles for bogus systems , published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, November 1942 edition, Section 9
- ↑ Construction and operating principles for bogus systems , published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, November 1942 edition, Section 30
- ↑ Erich Hampe: The civil air defense in the Second World War - Documentation and experience reports on construction and use. Bernard and Graefe Verlag, 1963, page 560
- ↑ Dr. Helmut Grau, Jürgen Lohbeck, Sven Polkläser: The Krupp night light system in Velbert. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2017, page 20
- ↑ Feldgrau - Mitteilungen einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft , issues 1 to 3/1966 , 3-part article False signal rockets in the air defense by Friedrich Schirmer, in excerpts: Provisional SSR service instructions , Provisional SSR combat instructions from September 16, 1943, leaflet for the use of Secret tags from November 15, 1944.
- ^ Historical archive Krupp, reports WA 42/175 and WA 40B / 947.
- ↑ Stadtarchiv Velbert, Velbert inventory, XIV g 4 Aircraft damage, reports to the employment office and district administrator, police reports 1942–1945 , including a police report from April 7, 1942.
- ↑ In Oer-Erkenschwick , a dummy mine was built in the Haard forest to distract the continuation of the Ewald colliery , see also Grau, Lohbeck, Polkläser: Die Krupp'sche Nachtscheinanlage in Velbert. Scala Verlag, Velbert 2017, 2nd edition, page 28.
- ↑ Gazetteer of Decoys photograficaly confirmed - Part I - Industrial & General Decoys , British National Archives Kew, Document Air 14/1889.
- ↑ Construction and operating principles for bogus systems , published by the Reich Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, November 1943 edition, Section E, pages 17 and 18.
- ↑ Once Scheindorf - today a monument. on: derwesten.de from September 8, 2013.
- ↑ Wilhelmshöhe was overrun. on: derwesten.de from September 9, 2013.
- ^ New memorial: Night glow system between Dilldorf and Velbert. on: lokalkompass.de from September 8, 2013.
- ↑ Bunker lured on the day of the monument. on: WZ Online from September 15, 2014.
- ↑ Website of the Ensemble Ruhr ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Coordinates: 51 ° 21 '55.3 " N , 7 ° 4' 13.2" E