Cultural promotion

Cultural promotion is through a community publicly funded or subsidized culture . In the traditional understanding, this includes direct funding of public institutions or cultural establishments (e.g. theaters , museums , libraries ) and private cultural workers (e.g. film funding , art associations ). The awarding of prizes and scholarships by public institutions is also part of cultural funding. A special form of cultural promotion in more complex networks, the culture Moderation is.

State funding for culture

Germany

Karlheinz Stockhausen received the Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in 1995

In Germany, cultural funding takes place at the municipal, regional, state and federal level. The strong federalism is reflected in the promotion of art and culture. .. The responsibility of promoting culture is enshrined in the constitutions, such as in Article 18, Section 1 of the state constitution for North Rhine-Westphalia: "culture, art and science are to be promoted by the state and municipalities." . The municipalities derive their right to independent cultural funding directly from the Basic Law . In Art. 30 of the Basic Law, the cultural sovereignty of the states is stipulated: "The exercise of state powers and the fulfillment of state tasks is a matter for the states, unless the Basic Law makes or permits any other regulations." In Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law it also: "The communities must be guaranteed the right to regulate all matters of the local community within the framework of the law on their own responsibility." From a legal point of view, however, this supposed obligation to finance culture is only a voluntary task due to the lack of specificity . Therefore, in times of tight public finances, money is often and first of all cut for cultural purposes. In recent times, cultural workers have repeatedly countered this approach with the argument of indirect profitability . This is based on the idea that state-financed or subsidized areas do not generate any direct profitability, but generate economic profits via the detour of the additional sales in the region.

Another expression of the federal cultural system and, at the same time, independent funding bodies are the Federal Cultural Foundation and the State Cultural Foundation .

The financing of the public cultural operations is made up of four areas: Income (e.g. from the sale of theater tickets), income from structures close to the company (e.g. from development associations or foundations ), income from the private sector and municipal grants ( e.g. through insufficient financing ).

Public expenditure on culture (excluding cultural services of general interest, such as schools as cultural institutions) fell in Germany from around 8.4 billion euros in 2001 to around 7.88 billion euros in 2004, with the states and municipalities almost twice as much saved as much as the federal government. In 2010, however, the expenditure increased again to 9.6 billion euros. Depending on the majority in the committees jointly responsible for the respective cultural budget, usually cultural committees, the cultural business experiences a politically influenced orientation, which is why the cultural business is never entirely undisputed. Partly this is politically wanted, partly it is due to a lack of cultural understanding on the part of parts of the population and / or parts of the political parties . Especially after changes in the political composition as a result of elections within the respective community, this sometimes leads to migrations of artists whose livelihood depends on public cultural funding.

Promotion of culture during the corona pandemic

The cultural sector is economically hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic . There are various measures (for example emergency aid and basic social security) by the federal government and the federal states to mitigate the effects.

Switzerland

In Switzerland , too, a trademark of cultural funding is the diversity of funding structures, which are characterized by the federal constitution of the country, the interaction of the state levels and a broad spectrum of state and private sponsorships and organizational forms.

In 2007, public spending on culture in Switzerland totaled 2.24 billion francs, which corresponds to 0.43 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). State expenditure on culture is thus proportionally somewhat higher than in Germany (2005: 0.36% of GDP), but lower than in France (2002: 1.2%). Almost half of Switzerland's state funding for culture goes to the municipalities, of which around 43 percent goes to the large cities.

Cantons and municipalities

In accordance with the federal tradition in Switzerland, the cantons are primarily responsible for promoting culture. For their part, the urban centers make significant contributions to cultural expenditure and are the focal points of cultural activities in Switzerland. Each canton and all large cities have developed structures and traditions in their cultural funding, so that the cantonal and urban models of cultural funding differ significantly. Together, the cantons and cities contribute around 85 percent to public spending on culture.

The importance of the lotteries for the promotion of culture should not be underestimated , the proceeds of which (around CHF 400 million annually) must be used by the cantons for charitable or charitable purposes.

Federation

According to Article 69 of the Federal Constitution (BV), the Confederation acts on a subsidiary basis . In practice, this means that the federal government takes measures to promote culture that the cantons, communes or private individuals cannot bring about themselves. More extensive are the tasks of the Confederation in cultural issues in which the Confederation has specific constitutional powers, namely the promotion of Swiss film (Art. 71 BV), languages ​​(Art. 70 BV) and - as a joint task of the Confederation and the cantons in the area of heritage protection and monument preservation (Art. 78 BV).

inland

The federal government's cultural work in Germany is essentially based on the interaction of the Federal Office of Culture (BAK) and the Pro Helvetia Foundation . The funding activities of the BAK encompass the three areas of cultural heritage (heritage protection and monument preservation, cultural property transfer , museums and collections), cultural creation (film, prizes and awards, support for cultural organizations) and basic cultural funding (language and understanding policy, musical education , reading promotion , travelers , Swiss schools abroad).

The Swiss cultural foundation Pro Helvetia is a foundation under public law with the task of promoting cultural endeavors of national interest. It promotes artistic creation and art education, and it supports cultural exchanges at home and abroad. The focus of funding activities is on contemporary art. The folk culture is the portfolio of Pro Helvetia since 2009 part. The foundation supports projects on four levels: on the basis of requests (around 70% of the funds), within the framework of its own programs (around 10%) and through its network of cultural centers and liaison offices abroad (around 17%) and by providing information and promotional materials (around 3%). The foundation is fully funded by the federal government.

The Swiss National Library (NL) with the Swiss Literature Archive (SLA) and other special collections, as well as the Swiss National Museum (SNM) - with the three museums of the Landesmuseum Zurich, Château de Prangins and Forum Swiss History Schwyz as well as the collection center in Affoltern am Albis - are others Organization of federal cultural funding.

foreign countries

Promoting international cultural exchange is one of Pro Helvetia's core tasks. The foundation allocates two thirds of its budget to projects in an international context.

Private cultural funding

Difference to public funding for culture

Private cultural funding complements funding from the public sector not only financially, but also thematically: While private cultural sponsors, especially sponsors, are more interested in individual projects and are often geared towards public effectiveness, public cultural funding is more geared towards continuity: it guarantees cultural Basic care, contributes to the promotion of young talent and particularly supports experimental and innovative projects.

Representation of Maecenas with Horatius

Patron

Voluntary funding of art and culture by private individuals without compensation has existed since ancient times. The term patron comes from the adviser to Emperor Augustus, Gaius Maecenas .

→ Main article : Patrons

Cooperatives and foundations

Cooperatives and the increasing number of foundations, which, in contrast to profit-oriented companies, do not link their contributions to direct consideration, occupy an intermediate position .

Various states have created incentives for private individuals to get involved in art and culture. These are mainly in tax law . If cultural institutions are recognized as non-profit , they are exempt from corporation tax and trade tax in Germany, for example . Another advantage is e.g. B. in the authorization to receive tax-deductible donations . In addition to donations, the instruments used to finance private culture also include sponsoring and fundraising .

Private cultural funding in Switzerland

It is estimated that Swiss companies support culture through sponsorship and patronage with around 320 million francs per year. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the total scope of private cultural funding. In particular, the contribution of the intermediary sector, namely charitable foundations and lotteries, has hardly been quantified so far.

Complementary cultural funding

In addition to the instruments of purely state and purely private cultural funding, there are also methods of mixed cultural funding, which are mainly practiced in the USA and England. These include the methods of the matching fund and the public-private partnership .

See also

• German Information Center for Cultural Promotion
• Cultural industries
• Cultural policy
• Cultural management
• Art business
• mainstream
• patron
• subculture

literature

• "Der Kulturmanager" Stadtbergen, Kognos-Verlag 1997.
• "Netzwerk Kulturarbeit" Stadtbergen, Kognos-Verlag 1998.
• "Handbuch Kulturmanagement" Berlin, Raabe-Verlag 1998.
• "Lexikon des Kulturmanagements" Stadtbergen, Kognos-Verlag 1999
• Herbert Gantschacher "Funding are enforceable" Klagenfurt-Salzburg-Vienna, [1] ARBOS 2003–2012.
• Herbert Gantschacher "Normally this is a pretty criminal game that you would have to report - cultural policy carried out by the cultural officer of the State of Carinthia and its willing executors from 1999 to 2004 a balance sheet" [2] Klagenfurt-Salzburg-Vienna, ARBOS 2004.
• Tasos Zembylas / Peter Tschmuck: The state as a culture-promoting authority, Innsbruck, StudienVerlag, 2005
• Friedrich Bielfeldt: "The problem of state cultural funding from a socio-economic perspective using the example of the Bayreuth Festival", Munich, Grin-Verlag, 2006
• Friedrich Bielfeldt: "The consequences of demographic change for the high-cultural sector using the example of the Lübeck museums", Berlin, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2009
• Cultural promotion. The special issue Schweizer Monatshefte , May / June 2006 .

Web links

• Cultural finance report 2016 of the Federal Statistical Office (for Germany)

swell

1. ↑ http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/12/PD10__469__216,templateId=renderPrint.psml
2. ↑ Sabine Seifert: Cultural workers in corona crisis: fallen through the grid . In: The daily newspaper: taz . July 28, 2020, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed July 29, 2020]).
3. ↑ The text of this section was updated with adjustments to the message of the Swiss Federal Council on the promotion of culture in the years 2012–2015 ( draft hearing from August 2010 ( memento of the original from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and still not checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ), p. 13 ff.; this text is in the public domain. 
4. ↑ Message from the Swiss Federal Council on the promotion of culture in the years 2012–2015 ( draft hearing from August 2010 ( memento of the original from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ), P. 21. 
5. ↑ Message from the Swiss Federal Council on the promotion of culture in the years 2012–2015 ( draft hearing from August 2010 ( memento of the original from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ), P. 15. 
6. ↑ Message from the Swiss Federal Council on the promotion of culture in the years 2012–2015 ( draft hearing from August 2010 ( memento of the original from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ), P. 17.