Kupferhof
Kupferhof or Kupfermeisterhof is a regional name for early modern brass production facilities that were operated by the so-called copper masters in the 16th and 17th centuries in Aachen and from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, mainly in neighboring Stolberg .
The copper yards still preserved today can only be found in Stolberg. There they are in the core areas of the city of Oberstolberg and Unterstolberg . Most of them have been renovated in their history, some several times and some in the second half of the 20th century. Most of them are now listed and all are used privately.
No copper yards have survived in Aachen and of the former, the most important ones were the Pletschmühle operated by the Amya family in the area of today's Kugelbrunnen as well as the copper yard set up by Johann Gerhard Schervier at the pig market , today's Templergraben, in which the Marx & Auerbach cloth factory moved in 1839 .
production
During production, 70% copper was fused with 30% zinc blende , which came from the abundant calamine on site . Since the calamine did not contain zinc in its pure form, the mixing ratio was two parts calamine to one part copper, which was the only raw material and fuel that had to be imported. Since zinc was not yet isolated as an element, brass was called “yellow copper” to distinguish it from the actual so-called “red” copper. This explains the word component “copper” in the name of the production facilities and their operators.
Ore mills (Galmeimühlen), bellows and hammers were driven by the water power of the Vichtbach , which was dammed in mill ponds for this purpose. Hence the name of today's Stolberg district of Mühle in Unterstolberg , where the former Ellermühlenteich is still preserved as a bastion pond. Charcoal was used as a reducing agent, for which the surrounding forests were cleared. The actual firing was done with coal, which was mined in the north of Stolberg.
Only brass that had been extracted from Altenberger Galmei and Mansfeld copper was allowed to be stamped with the Aachen city arms . A notarial deed from 1559 mentions 69 copper masters by name. At the same time there were 1,000 copper servants. In 1581, a source reports that several thousand people supported the city's brass industry.
A medium-sized copper yard comprised five brass furnaces, a calamine mill and three mill trees with three hammers each (hammer mill and deep mill). About 40 helpers worked on it. For a farm with two ovens, 17 to 25 servants are given in the sources. It is estimated that between 600 and 1,200 to 1,300 workers ( sleeper boys ) were employed in the Stolberg brass industry during the 18th century , most of whom commuted from the Eifel. 200 brass furnaces are documented for 1726, which produced a total of 60,000 hundredweight of brass per year .
Brass plates were made. They were processed into wire, which was one of the most important products in terms of quantity. It was not only exported to France , but was also used in watchmaking and was processed into hooks, rings, chains, horse bridles and needles. Scratches for combing wool were also made from brass wire.
Brass was also processed into handguns and powder bottles , but also into household items such as kettles, spoons, fire rests, fireplace surrounds and lanterns. Stand, wall and chandeliers were made in Aachen; liturgical equipment was carried out from Aachen and Stolberg.
The operation of a copper yard constantly required a capital of around 20,000 Reichstalers . The high capital expenditure, the integration of various production steps and the use of natural forces make the brass industry of the copper yards an important economic-historical stage before industrialization , the use of machines ( steam engine ) and mass production made the copper yards and the riding factories unprofitable. Some continued to operate under the changed conditions. In 1852 twelve plants were still in operation, at the beginning of the 20th century only three metalworking factories ( Prym , Schleicher and von Asten & Lynen ), which together produced 90,000 to 100,000 quintals of brass in 1895.
Architecture and history
Due on the one hand to the Aachen religious unrest , in the course of which evangelical citizens in Aachen were threatened with the imperial ban, and on the other hand to the rigid guild laws according to the Aachen Gaffelbrief , many entrepreneurs decided to leave Aachen and build a new existence in more liberal neighboring cities. These emigrants included the Schleicher , Hoesch , Prym , Peltzer , Lynen and van Asten families , although it was the second emigration for some of them, as they had already left the copper mines of Flanders and Duke Alba years before the Catholic troops Had fled to Aachen in northern France.
In 1575 it was the Aachen copper master Leonard Schleicher who built the first copper yard in Stolberg and three others in the following period. In 1598 a good dozen were in operation, by 1663 the number rose to 90 to 95 melting furnaces in Stolberg. At the same time, the number of ovens in Aachen sank from 100 in 1603 to 12 to 25 in 1663. Production was relocated, in which, in addition to the reasons described above, the Aachen city fire of 1656 also played a role, but not expanded. Total production in both cities during this period should have been 30,000 quintals of brass annually.
The brass trade offered numerous jobs for the population for more than two hundred years, especially after the Stolberg copper masters had received a Europe-wide brass monopoly in the 18th century and were able to further expand and consolidate their market position. This led to a splendid era in the city's economic history and to the increasing prosperity of the copper masters themselves.
The copper yards were not only production facilities, but also served their owners as homes and, in troubled times, for defense. Instead of massive fortifications, baroque palaces and old buildings began to be built in the middle of the 17th century as the political situation calmed down after the Thirty Years' War . They corresponded to the upper-class representation will of their owners, whose coats of arms can still be seen on the buildings today. Their ownership changed frequently and was not always undisputed. They spread from the old town further and further north and south in the Vichtbachtal.
The earliest pictorial representations of buildings that later served as copper yards can be found on the colored map of the Vichttal, which the painter and draftsman Egidius von Walschaple made in 1546/48 on the occasion of a long-standing legal dispute over land ownership and water and other rights of use between the Lords of Stolberg and the imperial abbots of Kornelimünster .
After the end of brass production, copper yards were used for various changing purposes. Some served other production for a while (especially glass and textile production) or were the seat of company administrations (Hof Blankenberg, Grünenthal). Others were demolished. Most of them have been preserved to this day, at least in part, and are used for administrative, cultural and private purposes.
The copper masters left a lasting mark on Stolberg's townscape.
Kupferhöfe in Stolberg
Unterstolberg
The younger plants further to the north are predominantly representative courtyards that are spacious and stand-alone.
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 Steinfeldstrasse 2 ( location ) |
The Kupferhof or Kupfermeisterhof Grünenthal , also called Hof Grünenthal (zu Stolberg), "on the Styrenbend" at the foot of Steinfeldstrasse was built by Mathias Peltzer from 1699 to 1703 as a three-winged courtyard with two tower wings at a location where families have been since 1633 at the latest Lynen and Peltzer had operated copper and calamine mills. Heinich Peltzer, a grandson of Mathias Peltzer, stopped brass manufacturing in 1754. From 1772 to 1842 the Grünenthal estate was owned by the Michels family. In 1843 Leonhard Lynen (-Dumont), who had come from Verviers , moved his residence to the restored residential wing of the abandoned and dilapidated courtyard and set up a scratching factory in the building, and four years later a carded yarn spinning mill. In 1887, the entire complex, which later also included Kaiserplatz, was acquired by the city of Stolberg, which built the municipal high school and the district court including prison on the site. In 1889 Franz Wirtz, who also lived in the restored manor house, moved his soap production from Klatterstraße to Hof Grünenthal. But the premises again proved to be too small and production was relocated to the current location of the Dalli-Werke Mäurer & Wirtz on Zweifaller Straße in 1913 . After the Second World War, the Wirtz family founded Grünenthal GmbH on the farm , a pharmaceutical company named after the farm, which was entered in the Stolberg commercial register on January 29, 1946 and is still based here. |
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Kupferhof Roderburgmühle Roderburgmühle ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Roderburgmühle got its name because of an upstream Galmeimühle. Among other things, the neighboring field mill (Veldtmühle) and the Jan-Ravens-Mühle went into it. It was the nucleus of other copper farms in the immediate vicinity, such as the copper farms Bierweide, Mommas Hof, Peltzerhof, Stöck, Stürenhof, Unterster Hof, Weide and Wuppermannshof. In 1615 Heinrich Peltzer built the new manor house. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Roderburgmühle housed a factory for pins and hooks and eyes from the Schleicher company. The Kupferhof, renovated in 1983 together with the Mühlen market, now serves as a residential complex. |
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Rathausstrasse 65-67 ( location ) |
The Rosenthal courtyard next to the town hall was built in 1724 on behalf of Johannes Schleicher by the builder Tilmann Roland from Kornelimünster as a representative baroque courtyard with a magnificent bridge gate. To the left in front of the manor house are the white plastered former production facilities. Today Stolberg registry office |
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Steinfeldstrasse 5 ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Steinfeld , which is now part of the Bethlehem Hospital , was built in 1679 by Johannes Peltzer. Its architecture is still very massive. In 1698 a second was built by Hermann Peltzer, which, in contrast to the first, the one in front , was called the Hintere Steinfeld . Several small streams from Donnerberg were collected in ponds to power the mills. The collected water was only sufficient for half an hour after the locks were opened. The property remained in the possession of the Peltzer family until the parish of St. Lucia acquired it in 1866 and converted it into a hospital. |
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Auf der Mühle ( location ) |
The Stöck farm was built in 1727 by the Peltzer-Prym couple. The coat of arms of the couple who built it is still preserved above the entrance gate. The facade of the manor house was also retained in its original form, while the remaining parts of the building were destroyed in the war. Since its reconstruction, the Kupferhof has served as a residential complex. |
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Eisenbahnstrasse ( location ) |
The lower courtyard , also called Hof Bleibtreu or Burg Bleibtreu , is so named because it is the northernmost preserved copper courtyard . It was built by Servas von der Weiden and Konrad Östlinger in the 17th century. Its water wheels were fed by the Ellermühlen pond, which began at the Ellermühlenweiher (today's Bastinsweiher). The mill building from 1612 still serves the brass industry today. You can see casting stones for casting brass plates, which were mainly used in the 17th century. Gradually, the Schleicher family came fully into possession of the Kupferhof. In 1848, Eduard Schleicher built the main building in its current form, which was renovated after being damaged in the Second World War. |
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Europastraße ( location ) |
The Weide farm was probably founded in 1615 by Simon Lynen. The oldest surviving part of the building was built after 1723. Emil Schleicher had large parts of the facility redesigned in a historical style in 1905 . The mansion was destroyed by the war in 1944 and simply rebuilt in rubble stone. Today the Kupferhof serves as a private residence. |
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Oberstolberg
In the old town of Oberstolberg there are mainly older copper yards, which still have a massive, defensive construction and fit into the dense development of the old town.
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Burgstrasse 21 ( location ) |
The house is Stolberg's oldest copper yard, which was built by Leonhard Schleicher in 1575 and was therefore initially called Kupferhof Schleicher . There are also wall anchors from the year it was founded. The Adler pharmacy was set up in the manor house of this copper yard in 1750 as the first of seven country pharmacies in what was then the district of Aachen . The building served as a pharmacy without interruption until 1971 and is now used as a residential building |
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Zweifaller Straße 200 ( location ) |
The Bernardshammer copper yard , outside the center of Stolberg and on the right of Zweifallerstrasse in the direction of Nachtigällchen, was built in 1564 by Bernard Mondenschein as a riding facility. After it was converted into a copper yard in the first half of the 17th century, the Kleinbernardshammer was operated for generations by the Schleicher family, who expanded it in 1723 by Leonhard Schleicher V to include a new, representative mansion, which, in contrast to the Reitwerk , was called Großbernardshammer . |
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Enkereistraße ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Enkerei , also called Weltzerhof , which was run by Abraham Beck around 1650, has been partially demolished, heavily changed and can no longer be recognized as such today. From 1609 until the completion of the Vogelsang Church in 1648, the Lutherans used a Söller that belonged to this courtyard as a meeting place for their services. |
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In der Schart 3 ( location ) |
The Knautzenhof was built together with the Kupferhof Schart shortly before 1600 by Leonhard Schleicher behind this for his sons. It is a four-wing courtyard made of quarry stone and half-timbered buildings, dominated by a three-story building with a mansard roof and a round-arched courtyard entrance. Here Mathias von Asten set up Stolberg's first cloth factory in 1719. |
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Alter Markt 11 ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Rose on the corner of the old market and Burgstrasse was probably built before 1600 by Lambert Schleicher the Younger. It once formed a unit with the Kupferhof Fingerhut and was initially called the Kupferhof Alter Markt . The facility, threatened by decay in the meantime, has been renovated and now serves as a so-called art courtyard and houses the studios of several artists. |
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In der Schart 1 ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Schart , near Heinrich-Böll-Platz, forms a closed structure made up of four two-story wings with a mansard roof , which are grouped around an inner courtyard. A seven-axis wing made of quarry stone with a gate passage and mansard roof faces the street. The left stone courtyard wing dates from 1808, the right was built at the end of the 18th century. The rear wing of the half-timbered building dates from the beginning of the 19th century. The basic features of the Kupferhof and the Knautzenhof were built by Leonhard Schleicher for his sons shortly before 1600. After 1824, the city used the Schart copper yard as a child custody facility, city library and school. The Schart, renovated in 1986, is now used as a restaurant. |
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Vogelsangstrasse 71 ( location ) |
Its name is derived from "Sief", a small river that drove its water wheels, and is now used as a residential building. |
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Enkereistraße ( location ) |
The Kupferhof Sonnental was founded in 1699 and was initially owned by the Peltzer family. It is a three-wing, two-storey quarry stone courtyard. The left wing bears the anchor number 1873. In 1835 the Schuh & Gräff company set up a glassworks in the Sonnental that produced white and green bottles, and in 1850 the Dechesne company founded an iron foundry here. |
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Tuchmacherhof Offermann Offermann-Platz ( location ) |
The building was set up as a copper yard at the beginning of the 18th century, but had to be sold a little later due to a lack of profitability. Johann Paul Offermann from Monschau bought the farm in 1760 and set up a production facility for fine cloth there, which in turn ceased work around 1820. The building then served as a residential and restaurant complex under changing owners and had to be renovated and restored several times. |
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Büsbach
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Elgermühle 6 ( location ) |
Copper yard built by Wilhelm Beck around 1595 in the upper Gedautal on the upper reaches of the Inde (Münsterbach). The facility, which consists of three mill buildings, was later used as a grain mill, before being used again as a copper or brass mill by the von Asten & Lynen company in 1818 . In 1818 she acquired the company Jecker & Lejeune and operated there until 1860 it became a sewing needle grinding shop. Between 1864 and 1930 the Elgermühle was the location of the textile industry, but was later used again as a grain mill. |
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Gedau 1–9 ( location ) |
The Gedau copper yard, also located on the upper reaches of the Inde, was built in the second half of the 17th century. Between 1800 and 1958, Gedau was the location of the textile industry and has been used as a residential complex since 1981 after extensive restoration work. |
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Copper mills
In addition to the copper yards, there were so-called copper mills, which, unlike the calamine mills, which crushed ore, only had the use of water power in common with grain mills . Rather, they were used for further processing of the sheet brass, for example into wire or in so-called depth hammers into flat, hollow objects. Remains of two such copper mills are preserved in the valley of the Münsterbach.
Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
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Atscher Mühle Berthold-Wolff-Park, Atsch district ( location ) |
The Atsch mill in the area of today's Berthold-Wolff-Platz southeast of Rhenaniastraße is already shown in the Tranchot map, but probably goes back to an older mill location. In 1810 the mill location was taken over by Matthias Schleicher, who set up a copper yard here and produced brass until 1873. Two annealing furnaces (around 1800), the reservoir of the former Atsch mill and an industrial building are still preserved today. Structures of the mill ditch and another reservoir in the area can also be seen. |
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Bocksmühle Bocksmühle, Büsbach district ( location ) |
The Bocksmühle in the upper Indetal, mentioned for the first time in 1646 as a property of the Imperial Abbey of Kornelimünster , was used as a deep mill for the manufacture of boilers, whereas in 1690 it was designated as a wire puller . A spinning mill was operated there from 1810 (burned down in 1906). Today the remaining buildings are used for agriculture. |
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Buschmühle, Münsterbusch district ( location ) |
The Buschmühle is located further down in the Indetal on the Cockerillstraße connecting road between Münsterbusch and Eilendorf . It was built shortly after the Thirty Years' War as a double courtyard on both sides of today's street. At the beginning of the 19th century, a brass rolling mill was operated here by a joint venture between Johann Adam Schleicher and Johann Heinrich Schervier . A little later the property was used for textile manufacturing. Of the original buildings, only the old manor house on the right-hand side of the street, in the direction of Eilendorf, has been preserved. The complex gave its name to today's Stolberger Zentralfriedhof. |
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Hamm-Mühle Hammmühle, Atsch district ( location ) |
Former mill on what is now the street of the same name on the Bacher Atsch, which was built by Mathias Peltzer in 1592. It was operated as a brass mill until 1816 and then taken over by the Schleicher family. From 1865 the rededication of the Hamm mill began as a textile location for Otto Peltzer & Cie. (from 1865 to around 1880), Philips & Mahée , wool laundry and carbonising facility (from around 1880 to 1898) and the Aachen spinning mill . After their closure, an industrial park was created on the site. | |
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Haumühle, Münsterbusch district ( location ) |
The copper mill was located in the upper Indetal around 1580 by Georg von Wachtendonk. At the beginning of the 19th century, the plant still consisted of two hammer mills for processing sheet brass. From the middle of the 19th century to 1963, the Haumühle served the draper Franz Deutz and from 1882 to 1963 the company Joseph van Gülpen . Several buildings fell victim to a fire in 1938, and the remaining buildings are now home to smaller businesses. |
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Copper yards not preserved
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Kupferhof Am Jordan Jordanstrasse ( location ) |
In 1625, copper master Matthias Peltzer built the copper yard Am Jordan and in 1799 it became the property of the copper master family Schleicher. In 1845 Peter Krings took over the "Jordanshütte" and set up a glassworks in the old building, which in 1866 was taken over by the Rheinisch-Westfälische Genossenschaftsbank. It was closed in 1917 and demolished around 1950. | |
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Kupferhof Bauschenberg Zweifaller Strasse ( location ) |
The Kupferhof, also known as Buschenberg , formed a technical and neighborly unit with the Dollartshammer riding factory and the Strasbourg court and was named after the neighboring hill. In the second half of the 17th century, Gottfried Schardinel was assessor at the Kupferhof, who also ran the Dollart hammer. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Prym family took over the three plants and set up the later Prym plants on the site . |
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Kupferhof Blankenberg Am Blankenberg ( location ) |
The Blankenberg at the lower end of the connecting path of the same name between Frankental and Ritzefeldstraße served as an estate and copper farm. Since this facility did not have any hydropower and therefore no hammer mills, it was and is often not run as a copper yard, but as Gut Blankenberg. In any case, the lords of the Blankenberg do not call themselves copper masters in the 18th century, but rather copper hunters.
The Blankenberg was inhabited in 1550 by Heinrich von Binsfeld vom Binsfeldhammer. At the end of the 17th century Johannes Peltzer acquired the Blankenberg and ran a larger brass business here. Through inheritance and marriage, the Blankenberg came into the possession of the Mewis family in the 18th century, who continued to operate the associated agriculture and the brass trade located there. Blankenberg was acquired by the Englerth family at the beginning of the 19th century and later served as the administrative headquarters of the Eschweiler Gesellschaft and, after its merger with the Stolberger Gesellschaft in 1922, as a residential complex. The entire complex was demolished in May 1972. The area with the avenue-like access coming from the Birkengang today has a park-like character. The gate pillars at the park entrance are remnants of the representative courtyard entrance. |
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Kupferhof Ellermühle Ellermühlenstrasse ( location ) |
On the panorama picture of Stolberg from 1548, the Ellermühle can already be found as a half-timbered building. In 1663 this or a later building was replaced by a new stone building, the later north wing. At that time the farm was owned by Adam Thiens and Gertrud Beck. In the 18th century it passed into the possession of the Schleicher family. Between 1723 and 1768 Johann Geyer from Aachen was the owner. When the Schleichers took possession of the facility again, they built another wing in 1776 along today's Rathausstrasse. In 1831 a cotton weaving mill and a Sayett spinning mill were set up in the building. The two-wing system at the Bastinsweiher was demolished in the 1950s and replaced by today's brick residential and commercial building on a similar floor plan. An original coat of arms stone with an alliance coat of arms of the Schleicher and Lynen families is embedded in the north wall of the building. |
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Kupferhof Frankenthal Frankentalstrasse ( location ) |
In 1658 Johann von Asten built the Kupferhof Frankental on the site of today's cultural center . In 1903 the nuns of the order of the poor child Jesus bought it and set up the St. Vincenz children's home here. The current building was erected in 1929. After the children's home was closed in 1970, the entire facility was transferred to the city of Stolberg, which restored the building and set up the cultural center in 1989 with a city library, adult education center and music school. |
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Kupferhof Krautlade Krautlade ( location ) |
The Alte Krautlade copper yard was located on today's Mühlen Ring between the Stöck and Weide copper yards. In 1565 it was built by Johannes Raven. His heirs sold the copper yard to Heinrich Hansen in 1609. His son-in-law, Jeremias Hoesch I the Elder, took over the facility as early as 1610. After Johannes Wuppermann from Elberfeld had acquired the farm around 1780 , it was named Wuppermanns Hof . At the beginning of the 19th century the Kupferhof was shut down and after its resignation it gave its name to the Krautladenplatz under its previous name, which served as a fair and circus area until it had to give way to the construction of the Mühlener Ring / Europastraße bypass. |
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Kupferhof Velau Alte Velau ( location ) |
The Velau am Vichtbach farm shortly before its confluence with the Inde was the only copper farm in Eschweiler . In 1819 Matthias Leonhard Schleicher converted it into the Velau zinc smelter , the first in the Aachen area. |
literature
- Rudolf Arthur Peltzer: History of the brass industry and artistic work in brass (Dinanderies) in Aachen and the countries between the Meuse and the Rhine from Roman times to the present . In: Zeitschrift des Aachener Geschichtsverein , Volume 30, 1908, pp. 235–463.
- Hans Pohl: Copper extraction, copper processing and copper trade in the Aachen-Stolberg area from 1500 to 1650. In: Hermann Kellenbenz (Hrsg.): Main focus of copper production and copper trade in Europe 1500 to 1650. Cologne, Vienna 1977.
- Hans-Joachim Ramm (editor): Mills, hammer mills and copper yards in the Vicht Valley and their owners (= contributions to the history of Stolberg, Volume 23), Stolberg 1998, ISBN 3-926830-12-3
- Karl Schleicher: History of the Stolberg brass industry . Stolberg 1956.
- Kurt Schleicher: The willow. History of a Stolberg copper farm and its inhabitants in three and a half centuries (= contributions to Stolberg history and local history, Volume 11), Stolberg 1965.
- Kurt Schleicher: Blankenberg and Krone. Beginning, middle and end of two Stolberg manor houses (= contributions to Stolberg history and local history, Volume 14), Stolberg 1973
- A. Katharina Schreiber: From the copper farm to the children's home and cultural center. The work of the sisters of the poor child Jesus in Stolberg in reports, memories and pictures (= contributions to the Stolberg history, volume 27), Stolberg 2004, ISBN 3-926830-19-0
- Stolberger yearbooks. Journal of the Heimat- und Geschichtsverein . Year 1997, Volume 2, pp. 90-131. ISBN 3-926830-12-3 .
Web links
- Kupferhöfe Stolberg
- Stolberger Kupferhöfe , short portrait on stolberg-abc.de
- Kupferhöfe des Stolberger Vichtbachtal , in: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital , accessed on August 4, 2020
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klara van Eyll : From the copper yard to pharmaceutical research. The Grünenthal farm and the Wirtz family. In: the scales. Magazine of Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen. Volume 35, 1996, No. 2, pp. 46-57.
- ↑ Holger Kraneis: Mushrooms, Penicillin and Pioneering Spirit . A modern pharmaceutical company grew out of the post-war emergency aid. In: the scales. Magazine of Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen . Volume 35, 1996, number 2 (pp. 45–88: 50 years Grünenthal), pp. 58–65, here: p. 61
- ↑ Kupferhof Grünental In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Roderburgmühle In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Rosental In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Unterster Hof In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Weide In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Enkerei In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Schart In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Kupferhof Sonnental In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 4, 2020
- ↑ Gut Gedau In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 5, 2020
- ↑ Atscher Mühle In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 5, 2020
- ^ Bocksmühle In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 5, 2020
- ↑ Haumühle In: KuLaDig, Kultur.Landschaft.Digital. , accessed on August 5, 2020