Löwlerbund
The Löwlerbund , also Society of the Leon , was a noble society directed against the Duke of Bavaria-Munich in the 15th century in the Bavarian Forest and Lower Bavaria. He leaned with the support of Emperor Friedrich III. against Duke Albrecht IV .
prehistory
As early as 1466, the knighthood of the Bavarian Forest, led by Hans von Degenberg, formed the "Böcklerbund", but was then overthrown by the Duke in the Böckler War in 1468/69 . Albrecht, who at that time still had the full backing of Emperor Friedrich III. possessed, had in the meantime gained a considerable increase in power, which ultimately also made him an enemy of the Kaiser, who in 1487 ordered the establishment of the Swabian League against him .
At a state parliament in Munich in 1488, Albrecht demanded the necessary "rice money" to equip a mercenary army for the fight against the Swabian Confederation. The knighthood, which was used to fulfilling its obligations through army succession , rejected this demand. Then the Duke left the control of the tenants collect compulsorily and could be explained, the Duke had even without the consent of the landscapes the right to tax collection.
The foundation of the federal government
As a result, 46 representatives of the knighthood of the Straubinger Ländchen and neighboring countries came together on July 14th, 1489 in the Gasthof Krone on the market square in Cham (today Boutique Kusch) and formed the "League of Leon" in all forms. It was already an indirect declaration of war against Duke Albrecht IV.
As a badge, the knights wore a gold lion , the noblemen a silver lion on a chain of 16 links. The members included the knights of Degenberg , Nussberg, Notthracht , Sattelbogen , Murach , Parsberg , Stauffen zu Ernfels, Chamerau, Rain, Türling and others. The Cham nurse Sebastian Pflugk von Rabenstein was elected captain . Count Palatine Otto von Neumarkt and Duke Albrecht's brothers, Christoph and Wolfgang , also joined.
In 1490, however, Count Palatine Otto became the Duke. They allied themselves to the Swabian Federation on September 15, 1490, and on October 2, 1490, King Wladislaus of Bohemia granted the Federation his support for 15 years. At a Reichstag in Nuremberg in 1491 there was an exchange of blows between a 13-member delegation from the Löwlerbund and the Duke. King Maximilian , whose attempt at mediation was unsuccessful, confirmed the Löwlerbund and its connection with the Swabian Federation on July 6, 1491. On October 1, 1491 Emperor Frederick imposed against the transferred to Albrecht city Regensburg the imperial ban and entrusted its execution the lion knights.
Course of war
On December 9, 1491, Sigmund von Sattelbogen, who was sitting at Lichtenegg Castle , together with the knight Elsenbeck, issued a formal letter of rejection (also called feud letter) to Duke Albrecht. The brothers Hieronymus and Bernhardin von Stauf attacked on the night of December 12th to 13th, 1491 and plundered the ducal village of Pfatter and its surroundings.
Then Duke Albrecht also hired Bohemian aristocrats. He moved out on December 21st, Count Palatine Otto and the city of Nuremberg sent troops to support him. On December 24th he stood in front of Köfering , forced Hieronymus von Stauff to surrender and on December 26th 1491 destroyed the fortress Köfering and the castle in Triftlfing. He had the villages of the Stauffer, the Elsenbeck zu Gutting and the Sattelboger plundered.
The Prunn under Wolfsfrau Berger was stormed in December 1491 by the troops of the Duke. On January 5th, Flügelsberg, the fortress of the Parsbergs, was taken. On January 23, 1492, Duke Albrecht succeeded in capturing Sigmund von Sattelbogen and Stephan Mausheimer, along with 60 mercenaries, in the stormed Ehrenfels Castle . However, Sigmund was released in August. In 1492 Albrecht besieged Traubling Castle in Niedertraubling ( Obertraubling municipality ). It was only thanks to the fact that during the siege of Niedertraubling Castle King Maximilian, who later became Emperor, initiated peace with Duke Albrecht that the Niedertraublinger Castle was not also razed.
Peace treaty
On January 23, 1492, Emperor Friedrich renewed the imperial ban against Regensburg and pronounced it against all the city's helpers, especially Duke Albrecht. When the army of the Swabian League appeared in front of Augsburg , negotiated by King Maximilian, negotiations took place in Augsburg from May 13th to 25th, where Albrecht promised to give up Regensburg and other lands in the Peace of Augsburg.
The Löwler continued their fight, but Albrecht was soon on hand with his troops and, after an 8-day siege, took Falkenfels Castle on June 8, 1492 , where he was able to take several Löwler prisoners. The castle was burned down.
On April 10, 1493, a committee day for peacemaking was finally scheduled in Munich , to which only 8 Löwler appeared: Bernhardin and Hieronymus von Stauf zu Ernfels, Erasmus Paulsdorfer, Sigmund von Sattelbogen, who had the most complaints and with whom therefore a separate comparison was closed, Jörg Paulsdorfer, Heinrich and Kaspar Nothracht, Jörg Parsberger and Albrecht von Murach.
The negotiations only came to a conclusion on August 7, 1493. In the most important article it was assured that the common freedom of the land would remain in force and errors about its interpretation before the landscape should be negotiated. In principle, the Löwler had achieved what had originally led to the foundation of the federal government. The federal government ceased to exist, the war damage incurred was not replaced.
literature
- Franz v. Krenner (edit.): Baierische Landtag actions in the years 1429 to 1513 . Munich 1804.
- Vol. 8: Oberland Landtag in the Munich Landantheile. Under the sole government of Duke Albrecht IV from 1470 until the origin of the Löwler League in 1488.
- Vol. 10: Dutch Landtag in Straubinger Landantheile. Beginning under the sole government of Duke Albrecht IV from 1470, with the history of the Löwlerbund switched on, up to the Treaty of Augsburg in 1492 .
- Vol. 11: Dutch Landtag in the Straubinger Landantheile. Continuation of the history of the Löwlerbund until the end of 1493 - and then the further state parliament activities up to the general state association in 1505 .
- Joseph Anton von Mussinan : History of the Löwler Bund under the Baier duke Albert IV. From 1488 to 1495. Lindauer publishing house, Munich 1817.
- Max Piendl: The knight leagues of the Böckler and Löwler in the Bavarian forest. In: Alois Fink , Paul Ernst Rattelmüller (Ed.): Unknown Bavaria, Volume 5: Castles, palaces, residences. Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich 1975, ISBN 3-7991-5839-1 , pages 72-81 (unchanged reprint of the Munich 1960 edition; based on a series of broadcasts by BR ).
- Otto Geyer: The uprising of the Böckler and Löwler. In: Der Bayerwald , Vol. 64 (1972), No. 3, pp. 121-142, ISSN 0405-0851
- Andreas Zeitler: Between princely power and freedom of knights. The knight leagues of the Böckler and Löwler in Eastern Bavaria. Verlag "Der Neue Tag", Amberg 1989, ISBN 3-924350-17-5 .
- Willi Straßer: On the history of the Löwlerbund. A knight rebellion 500 years ago. In: Die Oberpfalz , Vol. 77 (1989), pp. 360-363, ISSN 0342-9873
- Max Heigl: The Löwlerbund of 1489. A nobility frond against the arbitrariness of the princes. In: Damals , No. 23 (1991), pp. 151-171, ISSN 0011-5908
- Hans-Josef Krey: Dominance crises and national unity. The Straubing and Munich estates under Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich (reports from historical studies). Shaker publishing house, Aachen 2005, ISBN 3-8322-3937-5 ( plus dissertation, University of Eichstätt 2000).
- Viktor Martin Otto Denk , Josef Weiß: Our Bayerland. History popularly represented . Allgemeine Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1906.
Web links
- Article in the Historical Lexicon of Bavaria by Hans-Josef Krey