Lottery procedure
The lottery process is a process of inducing a decision at random .
In general, the lottery procedure is used where any other selection procedure appears arbitrary or unjust.
It is used, for example, in the allocation of study places, in the drafting of conscripts, in the allocation of scarce goods, in the determination of games and starting places in sport.
Lottery in politics
(especially when citizens are involved )
EU
At the end of 2019, the lottery procedure was discussed in the EU during preparations for the conference on the future of Europe .
Impulses, experiences
Belgium / German-speaking Community - Karl-Heinz Lambertz , as President of the European Committee of the Regions , pointed out the lottery procedure as “a possibility” for the future conference. Also as the former President of the German-speaking Community of Belgium (DG) and former member of the DG Parliament - the government of the German-speaking Community of Belgium introduced a permanent citizens' dialogue in 2019 . Her advisory group included u. a. David Van Reybrouck , who deals extensively with the lottery procedure in his book Gegen Wahlen (2013, German: 2016). (more on: Citizen Participation → Belgium )
Germany / Baden-Württemberg - In her contribution Citizen Assemblies for Europe's Future in November 2019 , Gisela Erler presented a proposal for a methodology based on the lottery and the Citizen Assemblies model for the future conference. - u. a. "in three bodies ... a pan-European Citizen Assembly, a parallel youth assembly, an assembly of organized civil society (NGOs, associations, initiatives from Europe)" . She also refers to Baden-Württemberg's experience with it.
Ireland
Ireland, which has had compulsory constitutional referenda since 1941 (despite being labeled "compulsory", these are top- level votes as a prior parliamentary decision is required) introduced the drawing of lots in 2013 to prepare them. 2013-14 it was used in a constitutional convention (Constitutional Convention) as well as in 2016-18 in the next Citizens' Assembly , which the government convened. (more on: Citizen Participation → Ireland )
Allocation of goods
Land distribution
In the 47th chapter of the Old Testament book of Ezekiel , in addition to the ideas of justice, there are also ideas about the land promise derived from the statutes of Moses :
“You are to distribute this land among yourselves according to the tribes of Israel. You shall give it away as an inheritance among yourselves and among the strangers who are among you and have begotten sons among you. They are to be of yours like native Israelites; with you they shall receive their inheritance by lot in the midst of the tribes of Israel. In the tribe with which the stranger is staying, there you are to give him his inheritance, says the Lord God. "
With the "foreigner" is meant the so-called Beisasse , a non-Jewish resident who is under the rule of Israeli tribes. The lottery procedure aims to ensure that nobody is favored or disadvantaged.
In ancient Greece, a clergy was a settler who received a piece of land that had been conquered in the war from the state in a lottery.
Tacitus mentioned that the field marrow was divided among the farmers by lottery. In the High Middle Ages, many market cooperatives came under pressure from the neighboring noble lords; most of them were disbanded over time and former members became dependent on the landlord. One of the counter-strategies of the march comrades was the election of a powerful prince or count from the area to be the guardian. Today in Germany there is still the postage stamp Osing , which is the only commons in Europe that still uses a lottery procedure for distribution among rights holders.
Allocation of resources
In the course of the division of operations in Mannheim in the 1960s, 46 railcars were handed over to Ludwigshafen by lot.
Distribution of goods
Cheese raffle
At the annual Käseteilet in the Swiss Justistal , the cheese wheels produced in the summer are distributed to the cattle owners using a special lottery procedure, who can then sell them on. The cheeses are fetched from the storehouses and piled up per lot. 1 lot has 4 hems of 400 pounds of milk each. 1 lot is also equivalent to 140 to 150 pounds of cheese, which is around 6–7 loaves of around 23 pounds each. If a cow delivers 3000 pounds of milk during the entire alpine season, the owner of the Chästeilet is entitled to 7.5 hems of cheese, i.e. 1 lot plus 3.5 hems.
Construction lot
In the construction industry, a construction lot is the division of a building into several sections. The name comes from the procedure originally customary in the construction industry, in which several bidders distribute the sections by means of a raffle.
tickets
At the 2006 soccer World Cup, demand exceeded supply after just 48 hours of the sales phase. Everyone could receive a maximum of four tickets each for seven games via a lottery. There was no processing in a chronological order. The first order phase was raffled off after a TÜV-tested procedure and under notarial supervision.
During Hikaru Utada's tour through Japan in 2006, the tickets were initially distributed by lottery due to the great demand.
The lottery procedure is often used in the conditions of participation for competitions so that the winner is drawn from the group of all participants with completely equal chances.
Allocation of privileges
Residence permits
Liechtenstein's membership in the European Economic Area provided in principle the full freedom of movement for people . However, because it was foreseeable that numerous EU citizens would take up residence in the tax-favorable principality, a special agreement was made under which Liechtenstein issues 64 new residence permits per year , 56 of them to employed people and eight to non-employed people. Of the former, half are awarded in a lottery procedure at the insistence of the European Union, according to criteria that are not very transparent, “ according to the needs of the economy ”, the other half and the permits for non-employed persons.
Study places
The German Foundation for University Admission distributes the study places among the applicants with e.g. Abitur grade 1.9 and 3 waiting semesters by lottery. The waiting semesters are sorted first by waiting semester, then by grade, and finally by lot value. For the candidates with 10 waiting semesters and an average grade of 3.3, the lot decided on the distribution of the remaining study places. If two applicants have the same average grade, the following subordinate criteria apply in this order: waiting time, service. If both applicants have exactly the same criteria, the lot will decide.
Public facilities
According to the municipal regulations of the federal states, all residents of the municipality have a fundamental right to use the public facilities of the municipality. Restrictions may result from the purpose of the dedication or from the usage regulations. If the demand exceeds the capacity of the facility, the selection process must be based on objective criteria because of the principle of equality. Allowed, for example, the so-called " first served basis " ( priority principle , priority is the one who came first), the principle of rotation , or the lottery.
Replacement for electoral process
Lottery procedures are repeatedly discussed as a substitute for or as a supplement to voting procedures or - as a runoff - used.
Today's reform efforts
history
Old testament
Biblical texts tell how Saul was appointed the first king of Israel: a prophet ( Samuel ) anoints him on behalf of God ( 1 Samuel 9-10.15 EU ); a lottery will be carried out ( 1 Samuel 10, 17–20 EU ); physical size is also mentioned as a criterion ( 1 Samuel 10: 23f. EU ).
New Testament
As successor to Judas , Matthias is chosen by drawing lots from two candidates as the new apostle ( Acts 1,15-26).
Ancient Greece
As early as 624 BC In ancient Athens, arbitrary jurisdiction was restricted. In the developed democracy, almost all offices were ultimately awarded by lottery. As a result, everyone was treated equally when assigning items.
As part of the kleisthenic reforms , from 487 BC onwards The high officials ( archons ) were determined by drawing lots, but with that the office (the archonate) lost reputation and weight. The popular assembly, to which all male citizens of Athens belonged, appointed fifty delegates to the “ Council of Five Hundred ” for each of the phyls (tribes) by lot .
Strictly speaking , the polis was not ruled by the Council of 500, but by the Prytany . This consisted of 50 people and changed its line-up every 36 days. The prytany was led by the prytany, who was determined anew every day by drawing lots among the members of the prytany.
Roman Empire
In the Roman Empire, the pontifex maximus selected 20 suitable candidates from among the people, from whom the new vestal virgin was determined by lottery. Little is known about the appeal process itself. Gellius states that he only found an older law of unspecified date on this subject that provides information on this ( Noctes Atticae 1.12.10). Accordingly, the pontifex maximus first selected 20 suitable candidates from among the people, from whom the new vestal virgin was determined by lottery.
During Gellius' lifetime, however, this procedure was no longer used, but it was now customary for members of the upper class to voluntarily offer their daughters to the pontifex maximus for the priesthood. However, during the imperial era there were often difficulties in filling a vacant vestal position, as only a few families actually agreed to give up a daughter for this position.
Italian republics
The Venetian Doge election was a sequence of proportional representation, majority voting and lottery voting. The process of election of the Doge became more and more complicated over time. Eligible were members of the Grand Council, each of whom deposited a lottery ball in an urn. A ten year old boy (ballottino) was selected on St. Mark's Square and drew 30 balls from the urn.
The Genoese discovered the lottery as a means of raising money in the 15th century . Originally, the lot was used to determine the new council members every year. For this purpose the Genoese wrote ninety names on pieces of paper and secretly drew five out of these ninety. From the determination of the city council, a lively betting business developed, from which the lottery later developed, in which the names were replaced by numbers, the first “ 5 out of 90 ”.
Recent examples
Serbian Orthodox Church
The Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church is chosen by lot from three candidates elected by the bishops.
Luxembourg
In the country's parliament, the Chamber of Deputies , two close relatives or a married couple are not allowed to hold a seat at the same time. If such a situation arises based on the election result and neither of the two voluntarily waives, the lot will decide.
Switzerland
- In the Swiss parliamentary elections in 1939 in the canton of Basel-Landschaft , the lot had to be decided between the two National Council candidates Hugo Gschwind ( Catholic Conservative ) and Walter Hilfiker ( Social Democrat ). The reason for this was that both candidates had been elected to the National Council, but belonged to the government council (as the cantonal government is called in BL ) of the canton and only one member of the government council could be elected to the National Council.
- In the Swiss parliamentary elections in 2011 in the canton of Ticino, two candidates from the CVP for the National Council achieved exactly the same number of votes, so that a lottery was also drawn.
Application in life
Bean King
On Epiphany , in some countries the so-called bean king is determined by election or, more often, by lot. One of the popular lottery schemes is the distribution of a cake with a bean baked in it. The one whose piece of cake contains the bean falls into the office of king, hence the name " bean king ".
Use in sports
The lottery, or coin toss, was one of the methods used to determine a winner in football . In cup games, relegation games and knockout rounds of tournaments, a winner must be found. If a game was tied after extra time, the game was decided by a coin. Since this decision was based only on chance and not on athletic performance, the coin toss was replaced by penalty shootouts and other regulations.
See also
Web links
- Antoine Vergne: Neo-democracy: election of our parliamentarians by lot? (No longer available online.) Network for common sense. V., November 21, 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 5, 2010 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- Michael Klonovsky: Author (Florian Felix Weyh) wants to disempower parties . In: Focus
- Lottery procedure for courses
Individual evidence
- ↑ Citizens 'Dialogue for Europe - EU Future Conference Before her election as EU Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen promised MEPs to start a citizens' dialogue. What is to be made of it? , Jürgen Klute , December 10, 2019, on the blog of the Friday community
- ↑ Citizen Assemblies for Europe's Future - A plea for real, European citizen participation with randomly selected citizens , Gisela Erler , State Councilor for Citizen Participation and Civil Society, Member of the State Government of Baden-Württemberg, Euractiv , November 21, 2019
- ↑ Overview of the votes since 2001: (en, ga) Previous referendums / Reifrinn roimhe seo , refcom.ie
- ^ Referendums in Ireland. An overview , Daniel Alexander Davis, More Democracy , January 21, 2016
- ^ Citizens' Assemblies in Ireland , Rebecca Hauschild, Mehr Demokratie , Nov. 3, 2017
- ↑ (en) Convention on the Constitution / An Coinbhinsiún ar an mBunreacht , constitutionalconvention.ie (archive)
- ↑ (en, ga) Citizens' Assembly / An Thionól na Saoránach , citizensassembly.ie
- ↑ [1] , accessed on February 8, 2020.
- ↑ Danielle Schumacher: Kox or Kox. Luxemburger Wort , October 16, 2018, accessed on September 24, 2019.
- ↑ drawing of lots . In: National Council elections - precedents . Swiss Federal Chancellery. Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ No one has ever been elected to the National Council so curiously . In: tagesanzeiger.ch . November 25, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
