Procedures for Determining a Winner in Football

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Most soccer games don't require a winner. But there are competitions, such as cup games, relegation games or knockout rounds of tournaments, in which a winner must be found. The current football rules provide for the away goal regulation , extra time and penalty shoot-outs as procedures for determining a winner in football . In the past there was mainly the repetition game, the drawing of lots or coin toss and two variants of overtime with the golden and the silver goal .

In the early days of football, the criteria for deciding a game were often discussed from game to game or only after regular playing time and also depended on external circumstances, e.g. B. the onset of darkness.

Away goals rule

In order to avoid elaborate playoffs or other forms of determining a winner in competitions with a return leg, as well as to create an additional offensive incentive, the competition regulations can provide - as is the case, for example, in the knockout phase of European club competitions - that if the goal difference is balanced, the majority of goals scored away from home are decisive. For example, if team A wins their home game against team B at home 2-1 and loses the away game against team B 0-1, both teams have scored two goals. The away goal rule then applies, so that the goal scored by team B in the first leg against team A is decisive and team B is considered the winner.

If both games end with exactly the same result, the second leg initially goes into overtime. If there is no further goal in overtime, a penalty shoot-out is scheduled these days. Before this was introduced, a winner was determined by a playoff game or by drawing lots.

renewal

If the score of a game that absolutely needs a winner is tied at the end of regular playing time and the competition regulations do not provide for any deviating regulation, the game will continue immediately with overtime. This has two halves of fifteen minutes each (sometimes shorter in the youth area). The winner is whoever scores more goals in extra time. If both teams score the same number of goals, the away goals rule can be applied again for the first and second leg. Otherwise, the match is usually decided by penalty shoot-out.

In the early days of football, the captains of the two teams often had to agree on an extension and a possible regulation after the game. So won z. B. Real Madrid in 1917 , the Copa del Rey after a double extension: After a first extension of two times ten minutes remained goalless, Real Madrid and agreed Arenas Club de Getxo forward to again extend the match to two times ten minutes under the premise that the next goal would decide. So there was practically a golden goal involved in this curious final.

Golden Goal / Silver Goal

As a variant of the extension, FIFA introduced the golden goal rule in the 1990s, analogous to sudden death in other sports , through which there should be fewer penalties. The team that scores first in extra time wins immediately. The game will end at this point. Since this regulation was often perceived as unfair due to the lack of opportunity to compensate, it was replaced at the 2004 European Football Championship by the silver goal rule, which stipulated that the game would end if a team was in the lead after the first half of extra time. But this regulation has also been abolished.

penalties shoot

In order to abolish random decisions by drawing lots or tossing coins, because the performance of the teams remains unaffected, FIFA introduced the penalty shoot-out in 1970. However, the penalty shoot-out can also contribute to unattractive safety football if both teams hope for a penalty shoot-out and towards the end of regular time, for example in extra time, no longer primarily score their own goals, but only want to prevent goals from the opponent. In the 1986 World Cup , three of the four quarter-finals, and in the 1990 World Cup, both semi-finals were decided by the decision shooting. At the 1994 World Cup , none of the teams scored a goal in the final between Brazil and Italy within 90 minutes of regular playing time and 30 minutes of extra time, so the World Cup title had to be awarded after a 0-0 penalty shoot-out. The final of the 2006 World Cup between Italy and France was just as close (1: 1, 5: 3 i. E.).

Repetitions and playoffs

Before the introduction of the penalty shoot-out, a replay was usually scheduled to determine the winner in knockout rounds in the event of a tie after extra time. Under certain circumstances, this had to be repeated several times or ultimately decided by a coin toss.

Replay and playoff games at world championships
  • At the 1934 World Cup , the quarter-final match between Italy and Spain was rescheduled one day later after a 1-1 draw on May 31, 1934. The match, considered a "scandalous game", for which both teams had to field a total of eight new players, Italy won 1-0.
  • At the 1938 World Cup , the round of 16 matches Cuba - Romania (2: 1 after 3: 3) and Switzerland - Germany (4: 2 after 1: 1), as well as the quarter-finals between Brazil and Czechoslovakia (2: 1 after 1: 1) repeated.
  • At the 1954 World Cup , there were playoffs for the first time when there was a tie in the preliminary round groups that decided on progress. At the 1958 World Cup , two teams met that had previously drawn against each other: Wales - Hungary (2: 1 after 1: 1) and the Soviet Union - England (1: 0 after 2: 2). However, these are not repetitions in the strict sense.

After the goal difference and later also other criteria had decided on the placement in a group at subsequent world championships , there were no more playoffs. Theoretically, however, there is still the unlikely possibility in today's rules that two teams that are equal in all criteria and have just played the last group game against each other immediately take a penalty shoot-out instead of drawing lots. In the knockout rounds, the penalty shoot-out replaced the replay. It was first used at the 1982 World Cup in the semi-final match between Germany and France.

Replay games in other competitions
  • At the European Championship in 1968 the final ended on June 8, 1968 between Italy and Yugoslavia 1-1 after extra time. When it was repeated two days later, Italy won 2-0 and became European champions.
  • The Copa América was often played in the league system (everyone against everyone). If there was a tie in the first places, playoffs were planned. This came in 1919 when Brazil won against Uruguay after 4 × 15 minutes of extra time, and in 1922 when Uruguay , Brazil and Paraguay were tied. Since Uruguay renounced, there was only one game, which Brazil won against Paraguay. In 1937 a playoff between Argentina and Brazil was necessary, which Argentina won 2-0 after extra time. In 1949 and 1953 playoffs between Brazil and Paraguay were necessary.
  • In European club competitions, knockout rounds up to the finals are played in a two-legged manner. In the event of a tie, i. d. Usually a playoff was scheduled, which was replaced by the penalty shootout in the 1970s. In 1974 the final of the European Champions Cup ended on May 15 in Brussels between FC Bayern Munich and Atlético Madrid 1-1 after extra time. Although there were kicks from the penalty mark in this competition - also in previous years - the regulations provided for a replay for the final, which was the last game in the competition and could not collide with other scheduled matches. Bayern Munich won it clearly 4-0 the day after next.
  • In many cases, before the introduction of the penalty shoot-out and / or the away goals rule, playoffs were also scheduled in qualifying rounds if there had been no winner in the two legs . These playoffs then usually took place in a neutral place.

Lottery ticket / coin toss

→ See the list of drawing lots in football

In the past, setting up a replay at short notice was part of the repertoire of major football tournaments in order to reach a decision. However, in the quarter-finals of a world championship, for example, it is hardly possible to schedule a replay. Either the team making progress is exhausted by the short-term repetition game and thus has poorer chances in the following semi-final against a team without a repetition game, or the tournament would have to be postponed overall and thus the game plan mixed up, which is hardly possible in large tournaments. So there was only a drawing of lots by tossing a coin by the referee, for example in the semifinals of the EM 1968 between Italy and the Soviet Union, when a coin toss decided in favor of the later European champions Italy. At the same time, two years before penalties were introduced, it became clear to those involved that such an act was inappropriate for a major competition.

Association decisions

In cases in which either a team does not start, e.g. B. in the case of political reasons such as the Soviet Union in qualifying for the 1974 World Cup against Chile, a team uses a player who is not eligible to play or if the game is due to external influences, e.g. B. Spectator rioting, must be canceled by the referee, the organizing association decides on the winner. As a rule, these games are then entered in the statistics as a 3-0 win. Legal action against these decisions can be made before the International Court of Justice for Sports (CAS) . E.g. the match between Serbia and Albania in qualifying for Euro 2016 , when the CAS partially revised a decision by UEFA.

Procedure in other sports

For handball games where a decision has to be made, there are a maximum of two extensions of 2 × 5 minutes each with a one-minute break. If no decision has yet been made, it will be brought about with a seven-meter throw.

In hockey there are similarly extensions of 2 × 7.5 minutes in knockout games with a possible subsequent seven-meter shootout or, today, a so-called shoot-out . The Netherlands won z. B. 2000 the Olympic gold medal.

In ice hockey there is the overtime rule, in which the number of field players may be reduced and the sudden death rule may apply. Does it come in group games z. B. at world championships or in the German ice hockey league if there is a tie at the end of normal playing time, there is generally an extension. While the winner receives 3 points in normal playing time, the winner only receives 2 points after overtime or a penalty shootout and the loser receives one point after extra time or penalty shootout.

In basketball , if there is a tie, an extra five minutes is played, which is repeated until a winner is determined. In the group stage at tournaments there is no draw, but a winner is always determined. The award of points does not change with an extension.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rules of the game 2012/2013. (PDF; 2.2 MB) FIFA , June 2012, accessed on November 14, 2012 (p. 54 “Procedures for determining a winner”).
  2. ↑ Martín Tabeira: Southamerican Championship 1922. In: rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, accessed July 19, 2013 .
  3. ↑ Martín Tabeira: Southamerican Championship 1937. In: rsssf.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, accessed July 19, 2013 .
  4. ↑ EM history: A coin toss enabled Italy to win the title. In: Spiegel Online . June 24, 2008, accessed September 4, 2015 .