MSX
MSX is an open 8-bit home computer standard that has been followed mainly by Japanese and South Korean companies since 1982. The operating system was a Microsoft BASIC . The standard went through various iterations until it reached its technical peak in the early 1990s with the MSX turboR.
Game series such as Gradius and Metalgear, Bomberman and Ys began on this system, but applications were also developed and offered in the home office , in the semi- and professional area and in the music sector. In Japan and the Netherlands, MSX was for a time the market leader in the home computer division, and later an important market developed in South America, especially in Brazil.
Surname
The co-initiator Kazuhiko Nishi has been making the statement since 2001 that MSX is the abbreviation for “Machines with Software eXchangebility”. However, an early statement by the founder mentioned the MX missile as the namesake. The inclusion of the large founding companies Matshuhita and Sony in the designation cannot be dismissed either. It is likely that the co-founder Microsoft could be the name giver, as the software company delivered its Extended BASIC with the computers at the time and often used the initials MS for their products. This declaration was also mentioned on the first pages of the 1984 Sanyo PHC-28 operating instructions.
history
MSX is the result of the collaboration between the Japanese company ASCII and the US company Microsoft . The aim was to create a series of compatible microcomputers to open up the domestic markets and to bring a uniform standard into being. Competition among different systems similar to video formats should be decided for domestic companies.
The same hardware and software basis was used for this purpose.
- Z80 A microprocessor with at least 8 KB of RAM
- VDP Texas Instruments TMS-9918 with a maximum resolution of 256 × 192 pixels in 16 colors and 32 sprites
- 16 KB video ram
- Yamaha AY- 36-8910 sound processor with 3 voices and 8 octaves
- Centronics interface
- Cassette recorder connection
- at least 1 joystick connection
- 1 extension connector
- a keyboard with at least 70 keys
- 5 programmable function keys and 4 arrow keys for a cursor
- a 32 KB ROM with Microsoft's extended version of BASIC .
In 1976 Kazuhiko Nishi was a student at the renowned Waseda University in Tokyo. He went along with friends about developing a game based on the new models of on the " Pong -based" processor General Instrument AY-3-8500 is running, in the 300 Odyssey console and Coleco Telstar was used . Nishi planned to produce a console with this game and to distribute it. However, the chip manufacturer General Instrument refused to give him small quantities, so he decided to publish his ideas and information. This article turned out to be a great success, and Nishi soon launched a personal computer magazine, “I / O”, and published books. Thereupon he published the magazine ASCII intended for the professional market .
A programming language that was easy to learn was needed for the publisher's software projects. Since Microsoft had already licensed its BASIC to numerous computer manufacturers at this point in time , Nishi tried to meet Bill Gates . This meeting resulted in the Microsoft representation of Japan by Nishi's ASCII Corporation during the following years. Nishi became Microsoft Vice President. NEC believed in the concept of making a computer in partnership with ASCII and Microsoft, and the result was the first Japanese computer, the NEC PC 8000. This was a commercial success and a great opportunity for Microsoft and ASCII to demonstrate their expertise put. The portable computer Radio Shack 10 , which was produced by Kyocera , developed from the cooperation between the two companies . Meanwhile, boosted by the PC market in the West, Microsoft's growth accelerated and the idea arose to develop a computer standard for home use alongside the PC.
The company Spectravision , founded by the Swiss watchmakers Harry Fox and Alex Weiss, was initially active in the watch trade, but decided to invest in the lucrative market for game consoles and to rename the company Spectravideo . First they sold Quickshot - joystick and Atari -2600 additive that turned the game console into a microcomputer with keyboard and programming options. Soon, with the help of Tony Law, an entrepreneur from Hong Kong , they developed a computer architecture with the Bondwell company that was designed to be as inexpensive as possible to produce.
The concept was developed around a Z80 processor, a Texas Instruments VDP and a Yamaha sound chip. Microsoft was supposed to supply software for the new platform, but they passed this task on to Nishi's development department. Nishi understood that the configuration proposed by Harry Fox was extremely flexible and could even compete with more expensive desktop configurations, with much better capabilities than the IBM PC had for sounds and graphics. ASCII revised the concept thoroughly, ordered more memory and added a cartridge port for future expansions. Microsoft made a powerful BASIC, and Spectravideo had its computer. The SVI-318 was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 1983 at an introductory price of $ 600 .
Spectravideo licensed its hardware design in early 1982, thus preparing the idea of an IBM-like concept for the home computer sector.
At around the same time, Coleco was preparing to release a revolutionary console in August 1982, the ColecoVision . The console's hardware design was created by Eric Bromley, an engineer who worked in the arcade industry at Midway Games and was hired by Coleco.
The architecture of the ColecoVision console was also based on the Z80 processor and a Texas Instruments VDP , which came very close to the specifications of the Spectravideo computer - so close that Coleco game modules can be played on the Spectravideo computer with a simple adapter could.
While Spectravideo was building and marketing their home computer, Kazuhiko had visited leading Japanese electronics companies. He had brought a mockup of the Spectravideo SV-328 and showed the various functions. He knew the platform was ideal for bringing a “standard” home computer to market. Numerous Japanese companies, including Casio , Canon , Fujitsu , Hitachi , Kyocera , Mitsubishi , NEC , Yamaha , Pioneer , Sanyo , Sharp , Sony and Toshiba , were won over by the concept, including Korea's GoldStar (now LG Group ), Samsung , Daewoo and the European electronics company Philips supported the new standard from the start. Fox, on the other hand, still believed in the design of the computer he was selling and only supplied an adapter to enable program modules of the MSX standard to run on the original Spectravideo computers. Later on, Spectravideo also produced complete MSX computers.
The cooperation with MSX was officially announced to the press on June 27, 1983. In fact, the project had always been more of a Tokyo-based ASCII Microsoft subsidiary than a real Microsoft project.
The MSX2, which was introduced in 1985, was not a significant evolution of the original. While a 16-bit evolution of the MSX was planned for 1984, this new generation was still based on the aging Z80 processor.
The minimum RAM has been increased to 64 KB and the Extended Basic version has been improved to version 2.0. The video RAM was also increased from 16 KB to 64 KB, but most models were equipped with 128 KB of VRAM.
While the sound processor remained the same, the main improvement was the Yamaha designed graphics processor (the V9938), which was to have a screen resolution of 512 × 212 in 16 colors or 256 × 212 in 256 colors. This new graphics processor was also fully backward compatible with the MSX 1 VDP. This new VDP was designed by ASCII and the US patent for it was registered on December 19, 1984.
The system
The hardware consists largely of standard components of its time: A Z80 processor with 3.58 MHz, the TMS9918 graphics chip from Texas Instruments (which the Texas Instruments TI-99 / 4A also used) and a sound chip from General Instrument ( AY -3-8910 ). These components weren't great at the time, but they were competitive.
An on-top DOS called MSX-DOS is file-compatible with MS-DOS and supports MS-DOS-like commands. Microsoft was able to promote MSX for home computers and MS-DOS for personal computers .
The integrated BASIC dialect with its extensive instruction set (also for sound, graphics and sprites ) is superior to comparable computers (like that of the C64 ).
A special feature of the MSX home computers is that the individual manufacturers built their own extensions (software and / or hardware) into their MSX home computers. For example, the CX5-M from Yamaha is also equipped with a more powerful sound system (8-way polyphonic DX-7-like FM synthesizer with 4 operators), which includes a MIDI interface and the possibility of connecting an external keyboard. Sony built a database application into its HitBit .
distribution
Japan
In the Japanese market, MSX computers from Sony, Yamaha, Matsushita, Sanyo and other leading Japanese electronics companies hit Japanese stores just four months after the standard was first announced. And the support of such a wide range of Japanese hardware companies quickly gave the MSX standard a capability that no other computer could claim.
The standard defined by Nishi required full compatibility between the various MSX computers, but did not prevent manufacturers from adding additional features as long as they did not affect compatibility. For example, Yamaha produced a number of MSX computers designed for music with built-in synthesizers. Pioneer produced MSX computers with a built-in laser disc interface, while JVC, on the other hand, focused on models with overlay functions for video editing.
Several manufacturers offered several models, such as Sony, which brought MSX computers to the market in many different body shapes and colors.
Between October 1983 and the summer of 1984 about 265,000 units were sold in Japan by the 12 manufacturers. It wasn't the big hit they hoped for, but it was significant enough to boost the home computer and software market in Japan.
MSX was subsequently sold mostly at discount prices as a game console and as a learning aid for children. Most software companies in Japan produced titles for the standard. MSX also became a popular platform for role-playing series such as Final Fantasy, YS, XAK or Dragon Slayer.
United States
MSX was announced in the US press in July 1983. Info-World welcomed the announcement and saw the opportunity for the Japanese home computer market to grow and catch up with the already well-established US market. The expansion of the Japanese software market is seen as an opportunity for American software houses to distribute their products in Japan.
However, the introduction of MSX in the US was slow and Microsoft did not actively promote it. MSX was finally introduced in 1985 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) by Yamaha and Pioneer. However, the presentation was not a success. The announced invasion of the MSX machines came much too late when the US market was already switching to 16-bit machines ( Apple Mac , IBM , Commodore Amiga ). The 8-bit market was already dominated by Commodore, which had got rid of most of its competitors in this segment through price cuts.
Yamaha was the first company to introduce an MSX model to the US market (the Yamaha CX5M) in January 1985. These computers were sold in specialized music stores as a MIDI interface for controlling computers. He was for about 500 US dollars sold and could not with much cheaper computers compete, such as the C64, which had already received a discount of 199 dollars at the time of announcement of the MSX. Also, the competition had thousands of programs available, while very few were available for the MSX outside of Japan. Other manufacturers postponed and then canceled the launch of the MSX models in the US market.
Europe
The first MSX computers were introduced in Europe in September 1984. They were made by Sony, Toshiba, Canon, Sanyo, Yashica, and Philips. However, the range of devices was limited, before April 1985 only about 100,000 MSX were available for all of Europe. The reception of the MSX was very different in the various European countries. Sales were quite good in Italy but poor in the UK, where cheaper entry-level computers like the ZX Spectrum were already very popular.
The popularity of the Philips brand in Belgium and the Netherlands helped boost sales in these countries.
MSX versions
There were four generations of the standard: MSX 1 (1983), MSX 2 (1986), MSX 2+ (1988) and MSX turbo R (1990). The first three were 8-bit computers based on the Z80, while MSX turbo R was based on the Zilog Z800 . While MSX 1 was supported by over a dozen world-famous companies, MSX turbo R was only the attempt of a single manufacturer ( Matsushita , with its Panasonic brand ) to continue the standard.
Released in South Korea, developed by Daewoo and marketed under its Zemmix brand , MSX-based game consoles . MSX1: CPC 50 (Zemmix I), CPC 51 (Zemmix V); MSX2: CPC-61 (Zemmix Super V) and CPG-120 (Zemmix Turbo).
Initially, MSX used cassette recorders as a storage medium , also known as datasette in the computer sector . There was the BeeCard and a corresponding card reader, 2.8- inch (QUICKDISK-DRIVE) and 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. Later, single-sided (360 kB) and double-sided 3.5-inch floppy disks (720 kB) were added, which were formatted in 80 tracks with 9 sectors with 512 bytes each. Double-sided floppy disks had the same data format as MS-DOS (FAT12) and could be used to exchange data between the two systems. However, not all MSX computers supported double-sided floppy disks because some floppy disk drives only had one read / write head. Furthermore, subdirectories could only be accessed from MSX-DOS 2 onwards. Single-sided floppy disks were not correctly recognized under MS-DOS, but many emulators provided utilities to enable access.
Emulators
There are various emulators for the MSX systems . One of them is openMSX , which was already successful in a very early version in an emulator comparison and is still considered to be very good. It is available for different platforms such as Windows , macOS and Android .
Another MSX emulator for the PC with the Windows operating system is RuMSX . These emulators can also work with diskette images. This eliminates access to the diskette drive.
The game console Wii from Nintendo , which was released in Germany in 2006, and the associated game download service Wii-Channel offer some MSX games for the console to download.
It has been possible to emulate MSX games on Sony's PlayStation Portable for some time . The games are already playable. The best known emulator is probably fMSX-PSP . MSX emulation is also possible on the Nintendo DS via fMSX DS or PenkoDS. The DOS version of fMSX was also released beforehand.
The current Playstation4 also offers a comprehensive emulator with the MSXOrbis .
An MSX emulator called BlueMSXWii for the Wii game console has existed since 2009 .
Manufacturer of MSX computers
- MSX 1: Spectravideo , Philips , Sony , Sanyo , Mitsubishi , Toshiba , Hitachi , Matsushita Denki Sangyō , Canon , Casio , Pioneer , General , Yamaha , Yashica - Kyocera (Japan), GoldStar , Yeno (South Korea), Daewoo , Gradiente (Brazil ), Panasonic , Sharp / Epcom
- MSX 2: Philips, Sony, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, JVC , National, Panasonic , Canon , Yamaha , Daewoo
- MSX 2+: Sony, Sanyo, Panasonic
- MSX turbo R: Panasonic
specification
MSX-1
- Processor: Zilog Z80A with 3.58 MHz
-
ROM : 32 KB
- BIOS (16 KB)
- MSX BASIC V1.0 (16 KB)
- RAM : at least 8 KB, up to 64 KB
- Graphics processor: Texas Instruments TMS9918 family
- Video RAM: 16 KB
- Text modes: 40 × 24 and 32 × 24 characters
- Resolution: 256 × 192 (16 colors)
- Sprites : 32, 1 color (maximum 4 sprites per line)
- Sound chip: General Instrument AY-3-8910 ( PSG )
- 3 channels
Selection of MSX-1 computers
| Surname | year | R.A.M. | I / O | particularities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fujitsu FM-X | 1983 | 16 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 1 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick, own 60-pin interface (connection to FM-7) | |
| Canon V-20 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × audio / video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Ce-Tec MPC80 (Daewoo MPC80) | 1985 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 1 × module port, 1 × rear expansion port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), video and audio cinch out, 2 × joystick | German typewriter keyboard |
| Daewoo DPC100 | 1984 | 16 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | Green, blue or silver housing including built-in speakers |
| Daewoo DPC200 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | Different colored housing |
| General Teleton Paxon PCK50 | ? | 16 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM, expandable to 64 KByte | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × RGB (permanently connected to the monitor), 2 × joystick | The RGB monitor is permanently connected to the central unit. There were also computers in red cases. |
| Goldstar FC200 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 2 × video (monochrome and color), 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Hitachi H1 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM, expandable to 124 KByte | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | The computer surface corresponds to DIN A4. There is a handle on the housing and it has two pre-installed user programs in the ROM (a painting program Sketch and a music software Music ) |
| JVC HC-5 | ? | 32 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × RGB, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Mitsubishi ML8000 | ? | 32 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 1 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Philips VG-8010 | 1985 | 32 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics (optional as a plug-in module), 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Philips VG-8020 | 1985 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics (plug-in module), 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Pioneer PX7 Palcom | 1984 | 32 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × RGB, 1 × video in, 1 × video out, 2 × joystick, 1 × stereo headphones | Genlock / overlay capabilities via video in / out |
| Samsung SPC800 | ? | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × RS232C, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Sanyo MPC5 | ? | 16 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × own I / O interface, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Sanyo MPC64 | 1985 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | |
| Sanyo MPC-X | ? | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | built-in light pen , adapter for a higher resolution and speech synthesizer |
| Sony Hit Bit HB-55P | 1984 | 16 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × audio / video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | integrated software (database for telephone numbers and index cards), as well as a data pack module (4 KByte capacity) |
| Sony Hit Bit HB-75P | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × audio / video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | integrated software (database for telephone numbers and index cards), as well as a data pack module (4 KByte capacity) |
| Sony Hit Bit HB-201P | 1985 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 2 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × audio / video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | integrated software (database for telephone numbers and index cards), as well as a data pack module (4 KByte capacity) |
| Toshiba HX-10 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM, expandable to 96 KByte | 1 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick, additional optional I / O port | |
| Yamaha CX5M | 1985 | 32 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM, expandable to 64 KByte | 1 × module port, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick, MIDI interface, 60-pin socket for synthesizer | Contains 8-way polyphonic FM synthesizer with sequencer, similar to the DX7, only with 4 instead of 8 operators |
| Yashica YC64 | 1984 | 64 KByte plus 16 KByte video RAM | 1 × module port, 1 × Centronics, 1 × cassette, 1 × video, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick |
MSX-2
- Processor: Zilog Z80A with 3.58 MHz
- ROM: 48 KB
- BIOS + Extended BIOS (32 KB)
- MSX BASIC V2.0 (16 KB)
- DiskROM (16 KB) (optional)
- RAM: mostly 128 KB, also 64 KB
- Memory mapped (4 MB / slot max)
- Graphics processor: Yamaha v9938
- Video RAM: 128 KB, also 64 KB or 192 KB
- Text modes: 80 × 24 and 32 × 24
- Resolution: 512 × 212 (16 of 512 colors) and 256 × 212 (256 colors)
- Sprites: 32, 16 colors (maximum 8 sprites per line)
- Sound chip: General Instrument AY-3-8910 (PSG)
- 3 channels
- Clock chip
Selection of MSX-2 computers
| Surname | year | R.A.M. | I / O | particularities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philips VG-8235 | 1986 | 128 KByte plus 128 KByte video RAM | 1 × Centronics, 1 × ext Floppy (VY 0011), 1 × cassette, 1 × Scart (RGB), 1 × DIN (FBAS), 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | built-in 3.5 floppy drive 360k |
| Philips NMS-8245 | 1986 | 128 KByte plus 128 KByte video RAM | 1 × Centronics, 1 × ext Floppy (VY 0011), 1 × cassette, 1 × Scart (RGB), 1 × DIN (FBAS), 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | built-in 3.5 floppy drive 720k, officially not released in Germany |
| Philips NMS-8250 | 1986 | 128 KByte plus 128 KByte video RAM | 1 × Centronics, 1 × ext Floppy (VY 0011), 1 × cassette, 1 × Scart (RGB), 1 × DIN (FBAS), 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | 1 × built-in 3.5 floppy drive 720k - slot for 2. 3.5 floppy drive available |
| Philips NMS-8280 | 1987 | 128 KByte plus 128 KByte video RAM | 1 × cassette, 1 × AV in / out, 2 × cartridge, 1 × keyboard, 1 × printer, 1 × HF (antenna), 2 × joystick | 2 × built-in 3.5 floppy drive 720k, integrated genlock |
| 1chipMSX | 2006 | 32 MByte SDRAM and 128 KByte video RAM | 1 × SD / MMC card slot, 2 × MSX cartridge slots, 2 × audio outputs (for future stereo), 1 × S-video video output, 1 × composite video output, 1 × VGA Video output, 1 × PS / 2 keyboard input, 2 × USB inputs, 2 × MSX joystick ports, 1 × FPGA I / O pin (40 pins and 10 pins) | The 1chipMSX is a re-implementation of the MSX-2 from 2006 on the basis of a single programmed FPGA component. |
MSX-2 +
- Released in Japan only
- Processor: Zilog Z80A with 3.58 MHz
- ROM: 64 KB
- BIOS + Extended BIOS (32 KB)
- MSX BASIC V3.0 (16 KB)
- DiskROM (16 KB)
- Kun-BASIC (16 KB) (optional)
- Kanji ROM (optional)
- RAM: mostly 64 KB
- Memory mapped (maximum 4 MB / slot)
- Graphics processor: Yamaha v9958
- Video RAM: 128 KB
- Text modes: 80 × 24 and 32 × 24
- Resolution: 512 × 212 (16 of 512 colors) and 256 × 212 (19268 colors)
- Sprites: 32, 16 colors (maximum 8 sprites per line)
- Tabs for horizontal and vertical scrolling
- Sound chip: General Instrument AY-3-8910 (PSG)
- 3 channels
- Sound chip: Yamaha YM2413 (OPLL) (MSX-Music)
- 9 channels FM or 6 channels FM + 5 drums
- 15 predefined and 1 freely definable instrument
- Clock chip
MSX turbo R
- Released in Japan only
- Processor: Zilog compatible R800 at 29 MHz and 7.14 MHz
- ROM: 96 KB
- BIOS + Extended BIOS (48 KB)
- MSX BASIC V4.0 (16 KB)
- DiskROM (16 KB)
- Kun-BASIC (16 KB)
- Kanji ROM (256 KB)
- Firmware (4 MB)
- RAM: 256 KB (FS-A1ST) or 512 KB (FS-A1GT)
- Memory mapped (maximum 4 MB / slot)
- Additional 16 KB SRAM (battery-buffered)
- Graphics processor: Yamaha v9958
- Video RAM: 128 KB
- Text modes: 80 × 24 and 32 × 24
- Resolution: 512 × 212 (16 of 512 colors) and 256 × 212 (19268 colors)
- Sprites: 32, 16 colors (maximum 8 sprites per line)
- Tabs for horizontal and vertical scrolling
- Sound chip: General Instrument AY-3-8910 (PSG)
- 3 channels
- Sound chip: Yamaha YM2413 (OPLL) (MSX-Music)
- 9 channels FM or 6 channels FM + 5 drums
- 15 predefined and 1 freely definable instrument
- Sound chip: PCM
- 8-bit one channel (no DMA), up to 16 kHz
- built-in microphone
- Clock chip
- MIDI interface only with FS-A1GT
literature
- Martin Höh: The MSX book . SYBEX, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-88745-613-0 .
- Holger Dullin, Hardy Strassenburg: MSX Tips and Tricks , Düsseldorf: Data Becker 1985, ISBN 3-89011-112-2 .
- Holger Dullin, Hardy Strassenburg: The machine language book for MSX , Düsseldorf: Data Becker 1985, ISBN 3-89011-109-2 .
- Dietmar Eirich: MSX - The first home computer standard , Munich: Heyne 1985, ISBN 3-453-47052-4 .
- Rodnay Zaks: Programming the Z80 , Sybex 1982 (9th edition 1986) ISBN 3-88745-099-X .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Panasonic - FS-A1GT | Generation MSX. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ^ Gradius Day is officially May 29 - Gradius Core. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Metal Gear | Metal Gear Wiki | Fandom. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Bomber Man (Hudson Soft, July 1983) @ Magweasel. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ^ MSX Games World - Video Graphics. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Yamaha CX5M MSX music computer - test report by Richard Aicher. April - 1985. Retrieved August 27, 2020 .
- ↑ MSX (Platform) - Giant Bomb. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ The Ultimate MSX FAQ - General FAQ section. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ MSX history | MSX Resource Center. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ A letter from the past. | MSX Resource Center (Page 1/3). Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ InfoWorld February 4, 1985 in Google Book Search
- ↑ Happy.Computer N03.1984.01: Markt & Technik: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ The MSX standard. Retrieved August 27, 2020 .
- ↑ Retro Gamer Special Issue 2/2016: The best retro game hardware in the Google Book Search
- ↑ Aiming High: A Biography of Masayoshi Son in the Google book search
- ↑ 8-Bit Nirvana: Microsoft. Retrieved August 27, 2020 .
- ^ Bill Gates: Computer Mogul and Philanthropist - Michael A. Schuman in the Google Book Search
- ↑ InfoWorld Aug. 29, 1983 in Google Book Search
- ^ A b The history of Spectravideo. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ MSX: The Japanese are coming! The Japanese are coming! - The Register. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Happy.Computer N31.1986.05: Markt & Technik: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Hudson Soft Bee Pack, Card Adapter for MSX. Retrieved August 27, 2020 .
- ↑ MSX Emulator Comparison | MSX Resource Center. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ MSX emulators - Emulation General Wiki. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ openMSX. Retrieved August 27, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Happy Computer, MSX: Koreans with German talent