Mallotus philippensis
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Habit of the Kamala tree ( Mallotus philippensis ) |
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| Mallotus philippensis | ||||||||||||
| ( Lam. ) Garbage.Arg. |
The kamala tree ( Mallotus philippensis ) is a species of plant from the milkweed family (Euphorbiaceae). Components of the plant are traditionally used as medicinal products.
description
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The slow-growing, evergreen kamala tree reaches a height of up to 25 m with a trunk diameter of up to 50 cm, but can also occur as a shrub depending on the location . The growth is rather slow with an increase of 0.65 cm in circumference per year. The trunk is often fluted at the base. The bark is grayish-brown and thick, rough and furrowed with age.
The simple, alternate and slightly leathery and stalked leaves are ovate to lanceolate or, less often, obovate, with a length of up to 16-17 cm and a width of up to 7-8 cm. The finely rusty hairy petiole is up to 4–5 centimeters long. The mostly whole-edged and acuminate to pointed or acuminate leaves are dark green on top, glabrous and finely hairy on the pale green underside and covered with red glands . The nerve is threefold.
The kamala tree is dioecious, dioecious , i. H. with male and female flowers occurring separately on different individuals. There are terminal or axillary and traubig- panicles , up to 6-10 cm long, fine whitish to rusty hairy (partial) inflorescence formed with thick rachis. The very small, short-stalked and yellow-green, unisexual flowers have a simple flower cover , the petals are missing. There are 3–4 (5) fine-haired and glandular sepals, the flowers stand individually or in small groups on a small bract .
The female flowers have an upper, hairy and reddish-glandular ovary with 3–4 feathery stigmas . The numerous, somewhat smaller male flowers with many (up to 20) stamens have a diameter of about 3 mm.
The fruit grows as a 6–10 mm large, three-part, reddish, fine-haired, granular capsule with persistent scarring, which is densely covered on the outside with orange to red glandular grains. Each of the three chambers contains one to 4–5 mm large, blackish and smooth, roughly round seed. The freshly harvested seeds are ready to germinate .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
distribution
The natural range of the Kamala tree stretches from the Himalaya Mountains through China and India to Australia . This species can be found especially in evergreen and secondary forests up to an altitude of 1600 meters. The kamala tree is relatively undemanding of its environment. Optimal growth is achieved at daytime temperatures between 25 and 34 ° C and annual rainfall of 1000 to 2500 mm. However, older specimens can withstand temperatures down to –2 ° C and precipitation between 600 and 5000 mm. It can also grow on rather sterile, acidic or stony soils.
The kamala tree tolerates full sun exposure as well as shade and is often found in the undergrowth .
ingredients
The reddish glandular hairs of the fruits are rich in phenolic components, which are composed of up to 80% of the phloroglucin derivatives rottlerin and isorottlerin.
The seeds contain cardenolides .
use
The kamala tree is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine and various parts of the plant are used to treat skin problems , bronchitis , cancer , diabetes mellitus and infections . The anthelminic effect of the fruits and their glandular grains has been proven (drug: Kamala, Glandulae Rottlerae ). To do this, the grains of the glands are obtained by sieving and administered orally. Kamala also has a laxative effect and causes in larger doses gastro- enteritis , diarrhea and vomiting .
Tanninreiche parts of the plant such as the fruit, bark or roots are also used for dyeing of silk and wool used.
A drying oil similar to tung oil can be obtained from the seeds .
The medium-heavy, quite hard wood can be used for some applications.
literature
- K. Kubitzki : The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. XI: Flowering Plants Eudicots , Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 , p. 126 f.
- MS Swaminathan, SL Kochhar: Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019, ISBN 978-1-108-48195-3 , p. 309 ff.
Web links
- Mallotus philippensis in the Flora of China, Vol. 11.
- Mallotus philippensis at Useful Tropical Plants.
- Mallotus philippensis at Pitchandikulam Forest Virtual Herbarium.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Mayank Gangwar, RK Goel, Gopal Nath: Mallotus philippinensisMuell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry Review . In: BioMed Research International . No. 2014 , 2014, ISSN 2314-6133 , p. 1–13 , doi : 10.1155 / 2014/213973 .
- ↑ Useful Tropical Plants.
- ↑ World Agroforestry: Mallotus philippinensis . (PDF) Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009, accessed on January 2, 2018 .
- ↑ Kurt Kormann, Max Daunderer: Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons: Occurrence, Effect, Therapy, Allergic and Phototoxic Reactions . 4th, revised. u. substantially exp. Ed., Special ed. Nikol, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 .
- ↑ Jaya Sharma, Dr. Ranjana Varma: A Review on Endangered plant of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) M.Arg. In: Pharmacologyonline . No. 3 , 2011, p. 1256-1265 . online (PDF).