Martin of Laon

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Writing hand of Martin von Laon, MS Laon 444, f. 299v

Martin of Laon (lat. Martinus Laudunensis , Martinus Hibernensis , Martinus Scot (t) us ; * 819 in Ireland, † 875 in Laon ) was an Irish scholar and director of the cathedral school of Laon.

He was one of a number of scholars from Ireland who emigrated to western France at the time of the Carolingians , where they contributed to the cultural bloom of that time. The Annales Laudunenses , which he and several other hands added to the Easter tablets of a computist manuscript ( Berlin, Staatsbibl. Lat. 129), but in which the name that has become illegible in each case in the entries about his person must be restored by conjecture by entering in his own hand that he was born in Ireland in 819 and then giving 875 as the year of his death.

Manuscripts

In many cases his legacy as an author, glossator and scribe of manuscripts is uncertain. John J. Contreni in particular has questioned assumptions of earlier research in this regard. At the same time, however, he was able to use paleographic findings to prove that at least 21 manuscripts from Laon passed through Martin's hands, were written by him, were more or less extensively glossed over or provided with tables of contents or other additions.

The majority are patristic or early medieval works on biblical exegesis ( Origen , Augustine , Hieronymus , Beda , Wicbodus , Taio of Saragossa , Haimo of Auxerre ), also on the geography of the Holy Land ( Adomnán , Beda), computistics ( Dionysius Exiguus , Beda), the Acta Pilati in a compilation with texts of dogmatic interest, an extensively annotated copy of the Aachen council resolutions of 816 on the liturgy and lifestyle of the non-monastic clergy ( De institutione canonicorum ) and also two extensively glossed works on medicine and dietetics ( Marcellus Empiricus , Oreibasios ). Among the biblical exegetical works, Gregory the Great is represented by the excerpts in the Ecloga de Moralibus Iob by Irishman Lathcen († 661), not with his own work .

Greek thesaurus Laon 444

The manuscript Thesaurus Laon, Bibliothèque municipale 444, which was donated to the Church of Laon by two collaborators and successors of Martin and was probably created under Martin's supervision, is of particular importance for knowledge of Greek education in Carolingian times. Following some end-pieces, it contains an extensive Greek-Latin glossary based on the glossary of the pseudo-Cyril in alphabetical order ( Glossarium grecum per ordinem alphabeti , f. 5r-255v), followed by one in research under the generic name idiomata generum well-known overview of Greek and Latin nouns from the point of view of the difference in their sex (f. 255v-275v), then, following a colophon written in Tironic notes , several other compilations of explanations of Greek words, including one on Graeca in Johannes Scotus Eriugena ( Graeca qui sunt in versibus Johannis Scotti , f. 294vb ff.), And further pieces on Greek grammar, script and numerals, as well as excerpts from Priscian on Latin phonology, verb inflection and orthography and, at the end, a quotation written in Latin letters the Gospel of John (4: 9-12). According to Contrenis, the end-pieces and the pieces following the Tironic colophon are mainly from Martin's hand, while the Glossarium grecum and the Idiomata generum including the colophon come mainly from three other scribes and Martin himself only writes on one sheet of paper (f. 187r -v) participated as a scribe.

One of the attachments in Martin's hand is a letter on page 3r, the author of which sends an abbot friend of mine on problems ("quaestiunculae"), on which he had previously asked him for advice, "solutions" ("solutiones"), which are based on Greek Sources are drawn. Obviously, these “solutions” were not about the handwriting itself, but an answer to more specific questions, especially since the handwriting remained in Laon according to the identification of the foundation of Martin's employees. The salutation of the letter "Dilectissimo abbati S • M • fidissimus amicus veram in Christo salutem" suggests, according to Contreni, through its comma-like punctuation, that the letters "S" and "M" overlaid with contraction signs are not, as was sometimes assumed in older research, both of them abbreviate the name of the abbot or his monastery, but only "S" to refer to the recipient and then probably to "Servatus" Lupus von Ferrières , "M", however, the name of the sender and "fidissimus amicus" abbreviated as "Martinus" “Is to be resolved. Carlotta Dionisotti , on the other hand, suspected that the style and content of the letter could have come from Eriugena and originally served to give a no longer known abbot "SM" a declaration specifically titled in the manuscript as "alia greca" (f. 293v-294r) Greek mythologica to be sent.

In any case, Martin is cited by name in two other places, once he identifies himself as Μαρτίνος and writer of the section on Eriugena and again as Διδάσκαλος Μαρτίνος (“Magister Martin”) and, it seems (see below Greek Verses, XII .v ), author of a Greek poem.

Investigations of the manuscript in the context of its sources and of Martin's other legacy have shown that his knowledge of the Greek language is to be assessed more critically than it was already done in earlier research. According to the results of Contreni and Dionisi, it is questionable whether he would have been able, beyond carefully copying and probably compiling Greco-Latin materials, to create such aids himself, to teach Greek with them and possibly also to read a Greek text independently to watch. On the basis of his interpretation of the letter, Contreni still wants to concede that at least his contemporaries valued his expertise in this field and turned to him for advice, while for Dionisi the relevant statement in the letter is one of the reasons, Eriugena rather than Martin for the author of the letter.

Scholica graecarum glossarum

The Sc (h) olica gr (a) ecarum glossarum , an equally extensive Greek-Latin glossary, which is alphabetically ordered according to the first letter and which is also accompanied by a trilingual (Hebrew-Greek-Latin), is sometimes confused with the Glossarium grecum of the manuscript Laon 444 Onomasticon of biblical names and (in Vat. Reg. 215) a collection of mixed up notes follows. The Scholica were published by Laistner from two manuscripts of the 9th century ( Vat. Reg. 215, BL Royal 15 A XVI), but can be found similarly in several younger manuscripts, of which especially those from the second half of the 10th century in Ripoll written collection Barcelona, ​​Archivio de la Corona de Aragón, Ripoll 74 (there Glossary No. III, f. 32va-37rb) is noteworthy in terms of textual history.

The lemmas of the Greco-Latin glossary are in most cases written in Latin letters and often indicate that this glossary has included notes by ear that have not been checked using Greek spelling of a written template, so that it is actually here to do with a testimony practiced and written down by students. Since Laistner this glossary has been ascribed to Martin, on the basis of a conjecture by HJ Thomson that the Vatican manuscript, which was written shortly after Martin's death (876 or 877), was to be taken from Laon, and there Martin in the previous years as Greek teacher worked. According to Contreni, however, not only is there no reliable evidence of such a teaching activity by Martin, as older research believed to be recognized in the collective manuscript Laon 444, but also the Vatican manuscript of the Scholica is not with Laon, but rather with Auxerre and there then obviously with Heiric von Auxerre and his teacher Haimo in connection, while the emergence of the archetype for the Scholica in the last instance may be in Spain. There are therefore no indications for an attribution to Martin.

Latin grammar and metrics

Two other manuscripts, extensively glossed by him, offer an insight into his teaching of Latin grammar, one of which (Laon, Bibl. Mun. 468) glosses on Virgil and Sedulius and two shorter writings by Martin on Artes ( De proprietate philosophiae et de VII liberalibus artibus , De inventione liberalium artium ) and was completed by Martin in the other (Laon, Bibl. nun. 464) for metrical studies with a copy of Aldhelm's Liber de septenario .

The materials on Virgil contain, among other things, a Vita of Virgil, which, according to Contreni, depends on the one hand on a source of the type of Vita Bernensis I and on the other hand possibly on the now lost commentary on Vergil by Donatus.

Glossae in Martianum

Martin also received special attention as the presumed author of a commentary on Martianus Capella , who, together with another Martian commentary , probably from Eriugena, became known in the manuscript Paris, BN lat. 12960, written in Corbie in the 9th century and, based on this manuscript, in 1944 by Cora Lutz was published. Among the three Martian commentaries of the 9th century, together with that of Remigius von Auxerre, he is considered the oldest, since Eriugena and Remigius already seem to be dependent on him. In the Paris manuscript, the commentary is only incomplete, with glosses on Book IV (dialectics) and about a third each of Book II (the story of the marriage of Mercury and Philology) and Book V (rhetoric), as part of one more extensive commentary, which can also be found in parts or related glosses in other manuscripts.

Traube and Manitius initially ascribed the commentary to the Irishman Duncaht (Dunchad) of Reims, based on a note found by Enrico Narducci in a London manuscript, according to which Duncaht made a commentary "on the astrology of Martianus" (Book VIII) to his students in Reims would have. After Laistner had already suspected on the basis of glosses in the Scholica graecarum glossarum that Martin had written a commentary on Martianus, which he regarded as a fourth comment of the 9th century to be discovered, Jean Préaux then took the opinion that Martin the Duncahd- Comment is to be assigned, whereby he relied in particular on the content-related proximity to a glossing of the names of the nine muses in Martin's collective manuscript No. 444. Contreni, on the other hand, has asserted that there are neither in the glossary in question on the nine Muses nor any other valid reasons for such an attribution, and besides Duncaht he has other authors, namely Lupus von Ferrières, Haimo von Auxerre, Muridac or Winibert von Schuttern , well-known who could be considered as authors. Since then, the question of attribution can again be regarded as open.

Poems and prayers

Insofar as Martin was also considered as the author of Latin and Greek poems and prayers, these are pieces from the collective manuscript Laon 444.

Latin verses

Versus de octo vitiis

On sheet 2r, the collection is preceded by a Graecizing Latin poem about the eight main vices ( Versus de octo vitiis ), which lists the eight main vices in 16 heximeters according to Cassian's catalog of vices and contrasts them with the superior corresponding virtue, with the kenodoxia ( Addiction to fame) is programmatically opposed to the reading of Scripture (“divini lectio verbi”).

Labitur hay nimium praesumpta superbia cosmi:
Tapinosis humilitas surgit Christi solamine fulta.
Octonos generat lapsus ellonis gluttonis amica:
Temperat hos iustus ieiuna mente politus.
Fornicor in multis loetali fraude peremptus:
Me tamen evacuat felix ΕΝΓΡΑΤΕΑ continentia totum.
Servus avaritiae cunctum degluttit et orbem:
Dissipat et largus hanc pestem falce venusta.
Ira furit nimium semper saevire parata:
Quam vir pacificus patient percutit ore.
Anxietas accidia mentis gignit suspiria cordis:
Quae Christi famuli sedant placamine miti.
Tristiae iaculis plures turbantur in orbe:
Quos quoque solatur Christ laetamine sacro.
Deiicit ast alios kenodoxia vana gloria corde superbo:
Hos restaurat ovans divini lectio verbi.
It comes to a fall, alas, the all-too-demanding superbia (arrogance) of the cosmos:
Tapinosis (humility) arises based on Christ's consolation.
Eightfold case creates the girlfriend of the Voller:
The righteous who have been purified by a sober spirit moderately dampen these (fall of sins).
I fornicate in many things, betrayed by fatal deceit:
Yet blessed ΕΝΓΡΑΤΕΑ (abstinence) saves me whole.
The slave of greed devours the entire world:
The generous one drives away this plague with a graceful sickle.
Anger rages violently, always ready to race:
The peaceful man destroys him patiently with his word.
The fearfulness of the spirit (acedia) gives birth to sighs of the heart:
They calm the servants of Christ with mild appeasement.
Many in the world are plagued by the arrows of sadness:
She too comforts Christ with holy joy.
But Kenodoxia (lust for fame) pushes other people down with a haughty heart:
This cheers again on the reading of the divine word.

The poem was included in Traube's collection of Irish Scottish poems with the remark that he did not know whether it was from Martin. According to Contreni, Martin not only copied it, he probably wrote it himself. John Marenbon expresses himself even more clearly in this sense, while Michael W. Herren excludes that Martin ever wrote Latin poetry.

Metric colophon Graecarum glossas

Metric colophon in Tironic notes, MS Laon 444, f. 275v

A metric Latin colophon is added to the Greco-Latin glossary and the following idiomata generum on the back of sheet 275 , the text of which is mostly written in Tironic notes , with the letters M and N of the trailing “Amen” after one in Irish authors popular, are encrypted in the handwriting repeatedly described method by which the position of the letters in the Latin alphabet corresponding numerical values M = 12 and N = 13 Greek alphabetical written numerals as ΙΒ and ΙΓ (alphabetically written text components in italics) are written:

Graecarum glossas domino donante per egit
H tibi met frater servire paratus
Nam q ue geris vit [t] as longo quo tempore felix
Pontificale decus multum q ue tenere salubre
Ex hinc ad caeli valeas conscendere culmen
Ac regem regum cum sanctis cernere Christum
A M E N
The glosses of the Greek words have been completed with God's grace
a brother ready to serve you, H. (or: a brother H. ready to serve you),
because as long as you have been wearing the tokens of your office, you are worth the lucky one
and hold very salutary pontifical ornament (i.e. the miter or tiara ),
from going down to the top of heaven
and to see Christ the King of kings with the saints. Amen.

The abbreviation "H", with which it is difficult to decide linguistically and metrically whether it is a dative and thus the name of the recipient of the copy, or a nominative and thus the name of the writer as frater H , has been used in research since Traube usually related to Hinkmar von Reims or his nephew Hinkmar von Laon as the recipient of the copy and accordingly resolved as the dative Hincmaro . Contreni, on the other hand, tried to make it probable, based on stylistically comparable colophons in three other manuscripts, that instead Hartgarius ... frater was to be understood as a scribe and one of the collaborators involved in the manuscript was meant, a deacon named Hartgar, who is hereby nevertheless the younger Hinkmar to whom he was also occasionally active, the copy could have dedicated. In addition, it would appear that the colophon and the preceding text actually come from the hand that Contreni identified as Hartgar's. Martin would no longer be considered as the author in this case.

Greek verses

From the Greek pieces of Codex Laon 444, in addition to two prose prayers, Traube also published three metrical pieces and a list of words presumably extracted from verses as Opuscula Martini Laudunensis , which, with the exception of the list of words, come from the section that contains the Graeca from Greek or mixed Greek- is dedicated to Eriugena's Latin poems.

Graeca ad versus (XII.i)

The first piece (Traube XII.i), which immediately precedes this section in the manuscript and is otherwise unrelated to the Graeca Eriugenas, is not a poem or a metrical fragment, but only one entitled Graeca ad versus List of 36 Greek words with an attached word explanation, which is only missing in the last two entries (Laon 444, f. 294v). The list was probably extracted from a previously unidentified poem, which the in some cases inflected Greek word form speaks for, or it was compiled in preparation for the writing of a poem, and probably for the latter reason, and because Martin is the writer, it was made by Grape added under the Opuscula Martins.

Metric colophon ΕΛΛΗΝΙC ΓΡΑΨΕΝ (XII.ii)

The section in Laon 444 devoted to Eriugena offers on the first four pages (f. 294v-296r) a glossary known in research as L1 , in which approximately 190 Greek words are listed according to the order of their occurrence in the Eriugena's texts and provided with Latin explanations are. Martin is identified as the scribe on the back of the last sheet of L1 (f. 296v) by means of a colophon composed as a Greek hexameter and provided with Latin glosses, which Traube added as the second piece (XII.ii) to his collection of Opuscula Martins . In the case of this hexameter, not least because of its linguistically awkward design, there are no objections to recognizing it as a verse from Martin, even in recent research.

ΕΙCXΡΕ ΑΝΑΓΙΝΟCΤΗC (XII.v)

Titulus CΤΥΧΟC ΠΡΕΠΟC , MS Laon 444, f. 297v
Epigram ΕΙCXΡΕ ΑΝΑΓΙΝΟCΤΗC (Traube XII.v), MS Laon 444, f. 298r

The glossary L1 and its colophon are followed in the manuscript by another section, named L2 in the research and also written by Martin, with written out Greek poems or verses (f. 297r-298r), which are only partially defined by their glossing in L1 or by own tituli are shown as verses of Eriugenas. Where this is not the case and there is no attribution to Eriugena through other evidence either, it was questionable whether they can be attributed to him or to another author and then possibly to Martin.

Doubts about Eriugena's authorship were particularly suggested by the fact that the penultimate of these pieces in L2 , the five-line satirical epigram ΕΙCXΡΕ ΑΝΑΓΙΝΟCΤΗC (f. 298r), at the end of the previous page f. 297v is preceded by a Latin glossed Greek titulus, which seems to assign this epigram to Martin:

CΤΥΧΟC versus ΠΡΕΠΟC pulcher ΔΙΔΑCΚΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΡΤΙΝΟΥ

According to Traube, the ΠΡΕΠΟC glossed with pulcher (“beautiful”) is to be understood as a prescription or incorrect word form for the participle πρέπων , so that the approximate translation is “brilliant verse Magister Martins”. As Martin's work secured by this attribution, the epigram by Traube at the beginning of the following page was included together with this titulus as the fifth piece (XII.v) under Martin's opuscula. After Dionisotti had initially expressed doubts about the outstanding linguistic and prosodic quality of the epigram, Michael W. Herren was able to prove that the titulus on f. 297v does not refer to the epigram in question, but to a two-line text on the lower margin of the page that has been erased and can no longer be reconstructed. Since in the case of the epigram everything speaks for Eriugena with the exception of the apparent titulus, Herren has classified it as No. 16 among the authentic Carmina Eriugenas.

ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ ΔΕΜΟΥ (XII.iii)

Epigram ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ ΔΕΜΟΥ (Traube XII.iii), MS Laon 444, f. 297v

As a possible, but uncertain piece of Martin's work, Traube from L2 (f. 297v) also included a two-line epigram with a metrical Latin translation under the Opuscula Martin, which one Johannes - Eriugena is suspected because of his translations of Greek patristic works into Latin - as pride the Roman praises, but also puts a liudo, possibly the eponymous bishop of Autun (866-874), as the most Greek of all Greeks at the side, or even higher:

ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ ΔΕΜΟΥ ΙΩ├ΑΝΝΗC Η ΚΛΕΟΡ ΕCΤΙΝ.
ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝ ΛΑΜΠΕΙ ΝΥΝ ΛΙΥΔΔΟ CΕΒΑCΤΟC.
Romani populi Iohannes gloria constat:
Graecorum Graecus fulget nunc Liuddo colendus.
The glory of the Roman people is John.
As a Greek of (all) Greeks, the venerable Liuddo now shines.

The attribution to Martin was accepted by Contreni. Since, however, after his restitution of ΕΙCXΡΕ ΑΝΑΓΙΝΟCΤΗC (XII.v) to Eriugena, Herren no longer saw any reason to suspect any foreign goods among the metrical poems of the Eriugena section in Laon 444, he also ascribed this epigram together with its Latin translation to Eriugena , as a bow of Eriugenas to Liudo, and has taken it as No. 15 in the edition of Eriugenas Carmina .

Greek prayers in prose

ΦΙΛΑΖΟΝ Ω ΘΕΟC and Ω ΚΥΡΡΙΕ ΒΟΗΤΗCΟΝ (XII.iv)

Prayers in prose for Queen Irmentrud and Charles the Bald, MS Laon 444, f. 297v

On page 297v of the manuscript Laon 444, between the two-line epigram ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ ΔΕΜΟΥ (XII.iii) and the titulus CΤΥΧΟC ΠΡΕΠΟC (see XII.v) placed at the bottom of the page, two prayers, each marked as prosa and related in terms of content, with a Latin interlinear gloss are entered, namely according to Traube, not by Martin's own hand, but by one of his students. The first ( ΦΙΛΑΖΟΝ Ω ΘΕΟC ) recommends Queen Irmentrud the hat of God, while the second implores divine assistance for her husband Charles the Bald against his enemies:

ΦΙΛΑΖΟΝ custodi Ω ΘΕΟC deus ΤΗΝ ΒΑCΙΛΙCCΑΝ Reginam ├ΙΡΜΙΝΔΡΟΥΔ ΚΑΙ et ΔΟC since ΑΥΤΗ ei CΩΤΗΡΙΑΝ salutem • ΚΑΙ et ΔΟΖΑΝ gloriam ΚΑΙ et ΖΩΗΝ vitam ΕΙC in ΤΟΙC ΑΙΩΝΑC secula ΤΩΝ ΑΙΩΝΟΝ seculorum ΑΧΗΝ amen •
Ω articulus ΚΥΡΡΙΕ domine ΒΟΗΤΗCΟΝ auxiliaries ΤΩ ΚΑΡΟΛΩ CΟΥ tu ΚΑΙ et ΘΟΥ pone ΤΟΥC ΕΧΤΡΟΥC inimicos ΑΥΤΟΥ eius ΚΑΙ et ΤΟΥC ΜΗCΟΥΝ odientes ΤΑC ΑΥΤΟΝ eum ΥΠΟΠΟΔΙΟΝ scabellum ΤΩΝ ΠΟΔΩΝ pedum ΑΥΤΟΥ eius •

Probably caused by the neighboring position of the titulus CΤΥΧΟC ΠΡΕΠΟC , Traube has included this double prayer as the fourth piece under the Opuscula Martins. Muzerelle accepts this ascription and connects the intercession for Irmentraud with her death date of 869. According to the logic of Herren's text-critical argumentation, who assigns the metrical pieces of L1 and L2 without exception to Eriugena and can assert that most of these metrical pieces by a collection of poems by Eriugena in Vatican manuscripts designated as R are already considered contents of a for R and L1 / L2 are to be developed together with the archetype Ω , this double prayer would actually also be assigned to Eriugena and then possibly (but without confirmation by R ) also to the archetype Ω . Since Herren did not include prose in his discussion of the metrical pieces, the status of research continues to be the attribution of Traube to Martin von Laon.

ΠΡΟCΤΑΖΙC ΚΥΡΡΙΕ (f. 298v)

Greek prayer ΠΡΟCΤΑΖΙC ΚΥΡΡΙΕ , MS Laon 444, f. 298v

In the last quarter of the 9th century, an unknown scholar transferred various materials from Laon 444 and from at least one other source to an excerpt collection called La in research , which was later torn apart and is still today on two sheets of a Parisian ( BN lat. 10307) and the final sheet of a Vatican Codex ( Vat. reg. 1625) has been preserved. In La the hexametric colophon ΕΛΛΗΝΙC ΓΡΑΨΕΝ ((XII.ii) and the apparent titulus CΤΥΧΟC vonC from ΕΙCXΡΕ ΑΝΑΓΙΝΟCΤΗC (XII.v), and the latter titulus here reenacted a prayer in prose, which in Laon 444 on the reverse ( f. 298v) of the last sheet of the Eriugena section appears after various notes and two other prayer-like texts:

ΠΡΟCΤΑΖΙC ΚΥΡΡΙΕ ΕΥΛΟΓΕΙΝ • ΕΥΛΟΓΕΤΟ CΟΙΟ [read: CΟΙ Ο] ΘΕΟC •
CΥ ΔΕ ΚΎΡΡΙΕ ΕΔΕΗCΟΝ [read: ΕΛΕΗCΟΝ] ΕΜΩΝ •

Due to the conciliatory spelling and the neighboring position to the CΤΥΧΟC ΠΡΕΠΟC title in the Paris manuscript , Herren considered that this prose text could be the erased stychos to which the titulus in Laon 444, 297v, refers, but safe clues for In his opinion, there is no such identification.

Martin and Eriugena

Although Eriugena is not listed in Annales Laudunenses as a teacher at the cathedral school, research has suggested that he stayed there for a time and had a closer relationship with Martin. Already Traube saw Martin as “serving pupil and scribe Eriugenas”, and in more recent times the relationship has at least been called “close scientific cooperation”.

As a possible indication of Eriugena's presence in Laon, it has been taken that it was Bishop Pardulus of Lyon who had asked Eriugena in 851 or 852, when he was at the court of Charles the Bald, to give an opinion in the predestination dispute between Gottschalck and Hinkmar compose. The glosses on the Graeca Eriugenas in the collective manuscript 444 have been asserted for a relation specifically to Martin , as well as the fact that in another manuscript Martin contains the Liber interpreationis hebraicorum nominum by Hieronymus with some comments by Martin and another Irish hand (Laon, Bibl. Mun. 24), an anonymous letter presumably Eriugenas also appears, possibly also copied by Eriugenas himself, in which the author asks a friend Dominus Winibertus , probably the Abbot of Schuttern , for a brief transfer of a Martian manuscript with a hint that the two had already dealt with Martianus together. Contreni has also pointed out that the Laon library was in possession of a copy of Eriugena's Expositiones super Ierarchiam coelestem and the only surviving manuscript of Eriugena's Commentary on John, although there are no traces of Martin's hand there.

literature

  • John J. Contreni: The Cathedral School of Laon from 850 to 930. Its Manuscripts and Masters. Arbeo-Gesellschaft, Munich 1978 (= Munich contributions to Medieval Studies and Renaissance Research, 29), ISBN 3-920128-30-3 , especially pp. 95-134
  • John J. Contreni: Carolingian learning, masters and manuscripts , Variorum, Aldershout (Vermont) [u. a.] 1992, ISBN 0-86078-317-0
  • John J. Contreni: John Scottus, Martin Hibernensis, the Liberal Arts of Teaching. In: Michael W. Herren (Ed.), Insular Latin Studies. Papers on Latin Texts and Manuscripts of the British Isles: 550-1066. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto 1981, ISBN 0-88844-801-5 , pp. 23-44
  • John J. Contreni, Three Carolingian texts attributed to Laon: reconsiderations , in: Studi medievali, 3a series 17.2 (1976), pp. 797-813
  • John J. Contreni: A propos de quelques manuscrits de l'école de Laon: découvertes et probèmes , in: Le Moyen Age 78 (1972), pp. 5-39
  • Anna Carlotta Dionisotti: Greek Grammars and Dictionaries in Carolingian Europe. In: Michael W. Herren (Ed.), The Sacred Nectar of the Greeks: The Study of Greek in the West in the early middle ages , King's College, London 1988 (= King's College London medieval studies, 2), ISBN 0- 9513085-1-3 , pp. 1-53
  • Edouard Jeauneau: Les écoles de Laon et d'Auxerre au IXe siècle. In: Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo 19 (1971), pp. 495-560
  • Denis Muzerelle: Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes: genèse codicologique du “Pseudo-Cyrille” de Laon (MS 444). In: Herrad Spilling (ed.), La collaboration dans la production de l'écrit médiéval. Actes du XIIIme colloque du Comité de paléographie latine , Droz, Geneva 2003 (= Matériaux pour l'histoire publiés par l'École des chartes, 4), ISBN 2-900791-59-6 , pp. 325–346
  • Jean Préaux: Jean Scot et Martin de Laon en face du De nuptiis de Martianus Capella. In: René Roques (ed.), Jean Scot Érigène et l'histoire de la philosophie Éditions du CNRS, Paris 1977, pp. 161–170

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Annales Laudunenses et S. Vincentii Mettensis breves. In: Georg Waitz , Wilhelm Wattenbach u. a. (Ed.): Scriptores (in Folio) 15.2: Supplementa tomorum I-XII, pars III. Supplementum tomi XIII pars II. Hannover 1888, pp. 1293-1295 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized ). The one described by the editor as “prima manus” is that of Martin, as well as Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), pp. 99-101; Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), p. 327, note 17.
  2. ↑ On the characteristics of Martin's handwriting, which essentially takes over the continental style, but z. Partly still shows insular embossing and retains some common Irish abbreviations, see Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), pp. 98f. and panel III.
  3. ↑ List of the manuscripts in Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p. 96f., There also p. 96 Note 3 on several attributions by Bernard Merlette that Contreni previously accepted and which he has since excluded.
  4. ↑ Incomplete ed. by E. Miller: Glossaire grec-latin de la Bibliothèque de Laon , in: Notices et Extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale et autres bibliotheques 29/2 (1880), pp. 1-230; Codicological analysis of the manuscript in Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), listing of the individual pieces (omitting the Latin excerpts from Priscian, f. 311vb ff.) and information on the sources in Dionisotti, Greek grammars and dictionaries ... (1988), pp. 48-54.
  5. ↑ The manuscript BL , Harley 5792 can be identified as an archetype . Cf. Georg Goetz, Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum , Volume II, Teubner, Leipzig 1888, Praefatio p. XXVI-XXX, reproduction of variants from Laon 444 (= MS a ) in the apparatus p 215-483; Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p. 57; Dionisotti, Greek grammars and dictionaries ... (1988), pp. 12f.
  6. ↑ Identified by Henry d'Arbois de Jubainville, Un fragment grec transcrit en lettres latines par un irlandais au VIIIe ou IXe siècle , in: Revue celtique 26 (1905), pp. 384-387
  7. ↑ Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), pp 56f .; Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), p. 333ff.
  8. ↑ impression of the letter at Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p 104
  9. ↑ Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p 105
  10. ↑ On the older interpretations of DuCange and Traube see Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), pp. 104f.
  11. ↑ Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p 104ff.
  12. ↑ Dionisotti, Greek Grammars and Dictionaries ... (1988), p. 52; Critical to this Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), p. 328, note 20.
  13. ↑ a b c Laon 444, f. 296v: “ΕΛΛΗΝΙC ΓΡΑΨΕΝ ΜΑΡΤΙΝΟC ΓΑΜΜΑΤΑ ΑΥΤΑ”, overwritten with “graecus scripsit litteras istas”; see. also Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , XII, ii, Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 696 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  14. ↑ a b c d e Laon 444, f. 297r: “CΤΥΧΟC ΠΡΕΠΟC ΔΙΔΑCΚΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΡΤΙΝΟΥ”, with glosses “versus” to CΤΥΧΟC and “pulcher” to ΠΡΕΠΟC, for the interpretation of the ΠΡΕΠΟC see Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , XII, v, Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III ). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 697 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitalisat ), on the correct reference to the Titulus Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae carmina ... (1993), p. 29f., Ibid. Reproduction of the relevant page of the manuscript on panel II.
  15. ↑ Jane Chance, Medieval Mythography from Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, AD 433-1177 , University Press of Florida, Gainesville (Florida) 1994, p. 566, note 17
  16. ^ Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner: Notes on Greek from the Lectures of a Ninth-Century Monastery Teacher , in: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester 7 (1923), pp. 421–456; Excerpts from the Vatican manuscript can also be found in Georg Goetz, Corpus glossariorum latinorum , Volume V, Teubner, Leipzig 1894, pp. 583-586
  17. ↑ Laistner, Notes on Greek ... (1923), p. 456 (Addendum); Contreni, Three Carolingian Texts ... (1976), p. 802; (Glossary No. III)
  18. ↑ Printed in Juan Llauro, Los glosarios de Ripoll , in: Analecta Sacra Tarraconensia 3 (1927), pp. 331–390, here p. 346ff. (Glossary No. III), for the linguistic localization noteworthy, but not yet evaluated individual glosses also in José Martínez Gázques, La cultura de los monjes de Ripoll: los comentarios lingüísticos de las glosas , in: Estudios románicos 5 (1987–1989), Pp. 898-905, here pp. 901-902; see. S. Nicolau d'Olwer, Les glossaires de Ripoll , in: Bulletin du Cange 4 (1928), pp. 137-152; MLW Laistner, Rivipullensis 74 and and the Scholica of Martin of Laon , in: Mélanges Mandonnet. Etudes d'histoire littéraire et doctrinale du moyen age , Volume II, Vrin, Paris 1930, pp. 31-37; Contreni, Three Carolingian Texts ... (1976), pp. 805f.
  19. ^ Laistner, Notes on Greek ... (1923), p. 426
  20. ^ Laistner, Notes on Greek ... (1923), p. 426
  21. ↑ HJ Thomson, 'Anaphus' , in: Classical Review 34 (1920), pp 32f.
  22. ↑ Contreni, Three Carolingian text ... (1976), pp 805ff .; ders., The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p. 114 and p. 151, note 59
  23. ↑ Ed. By John J. Contreni, John Scottus, Martin Hibernensis ... (1981), p. 32ff.
  24. ↑ In addition with facsimile edition John J. Contreni: Codex Laudunensis 468. A Ninth-Century Guide to Virgil, Sedulius, and the Liberal Arts. Brepols, Turnhout 1984 (= Armarium Codicum Insignium, 3), ISBN 2-503-35603-5 ; David Ganz: Codex Laudunensis 468 , in: Peritia 4,4 (1985), pp. 360-370
  25. ↑ imprint of Vita Contreni, A propos de quelques manuscrits ... (1972), pp 17ff.
  26. ^ Cora E. Lutz (Ed.), (Pseudo-?) Dunchad: Glossae in Martianum , Lancaster 1944 (= Philological Monographs published by the American Philological Association, 12)
  27. ↑ Eleven other manuscript finds have been found since Lutz's edition by Jean Préaux: Les manuscrits principaux du De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii de Martianus Capella , in: Latomus 158 (1978), pp. 76–128.
  28. ^ British Library, Royal 15 A XXXIII, f. 3r: "Commentum Duncaht pontificis Hiberniensis quod contulit suis discipulis in monasteri [o] sancti Remigii docens super astrologia Caepllae Varronis Martiani", cit. Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p. 83, note 15.
  29. ↑ MLW Laistner, The revival of Greek in Western Europe in the Carolingian age , in: History 9,35 (1924), pp. 177-187, p. 183; ders., Martianus Capella and his Ninth Century Commentators , in: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 9 (1925), pp. 130-138.
  30. ^ Jean Preaux, Le commentaire de Martin de Laon sur l'oeuvre de Martianus Capella , in: Latomus 12 (1953), pp. 437-459
  31. ↑ John J. Contreni, Three Carolingian texts ... (1976), pp. 808ff .; ders., A Note on the Attribution of a Martianus Capella Commentary to Martinus Laudunensis , in: Paul Oskar Kristeller / F. Edward Cranz, Catalogus translationum et commentariorum , Volume 3, Catholic University of America Press, Washington 1976, pp. 45l-452 .
  32. ↑ Mariken Teeuwen, Martianus Capella's De nuptiis in the ninth century , in: Alasdar A. MacDonald [u. a.] (Ed.), Learned Antiquity: Scholarship and Society in the Near East, the Greco Roman world, and the early medieval West , Peeters, Leuven 2003 (= Groningen studies in cultural change, 5), ISBN 90-429- 1300-2 , pp. 185-194, pp. 187f.
  33. ↑ a b Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , X: Versus de octo vitiis , Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 692 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ). Compared to Cassian (e.g. Collatio V, cap. 2, PL 49,611) the Superbia is placed from the end to the beginning and the sequence of Tristitia and Acedia (here called "anxietas mentis") is reversed. For comparison see u. a. Aldhelm, De virginitate carmen , V. 2446ff., Ed. by Rudolf Ewald, Rudolf Ehwald (ed.): Auctores antiquissimi 15: Aldhelmi Opera. Berlin 1913, p. 452 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version) and Alcuin, De virtutibus et vitiis , cap. 34, PL 101,637A.
  34. ↑ Verse 14 laetamine sacro , literally “with holy dung”, which is called laetamen after Isidore because it delights the plants (“vulgo laetamen vocatur, eo quod suo nutrimento laeta faciat germina”, Etym. XVII, ii, 3), from Adomnán but also without any specific allusion to the meaning “fertilizer” simply used as a precious synonym for laetita “joy” ( Vita Columbani , III, 22, edited by Alan Orr Anderson / Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, p . 214, 123a: "nec illius laetaminis causam, nec etiam tristificationis a me nunc inquiratis mainfestari", p. 216, 123b: "haec fuit mei causa laetaminis")
  35. ↑ Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), p 117
  36. ↑ John Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the school of Auxerre: logic, theology and philosophy in the early Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., Cambridge [u. a.] 1981 (= Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought, Series 3, 15), p. 109
  37. ↑ Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae carmina ... (1993), p. 28
  38. ↑ Facsimile in the Catalog général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques des départements , Volume I, Imprimérie nationale, Paris 1849, between p. 234 and p. 235, and then reproduced in Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003) , P. 345
  39. ↑ In the syntactic construction of the verses, the translation follows the suggestion of Ludwig Traube, Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , III, Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 686 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ) Note 3
  40. ↑ PL 124.1039B
  41. ↑ Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978), pp 58ff.
  42. ↑ Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), p. 328ff., P. 330
  43. ↑ John Marenbon, From the circle of Alcuin to the school of Auxerre: logic, theology and philosophy in the early Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., Cambridge [u. a.] 1981 (= Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought, Series 3, 15), p. 109 it nevertheless ranks under the "works that can be reasonably credited to Martin", but Contreni understands this as follows (note 83), that Hartgarius is meant as the recipient and not as the author of the dedication address .
  44. ↑ Ludwig Traube, Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , XII Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 696 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ).
  45. ↑ See Dionisotti, Greek Grammars and Dictionaries ... (1988), p. 52f. No. 15
  46. ↑ Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), p. 33
  47. ↑ Photographically reproduced by Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), plates I-III.
  48. ^ Dionisotti, Greek Grammars and Dictionaries ... (1988), p. 48
  49. ↑ Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), p. 29f.
  50. ↑ a b Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1978) 136f.
  51. ↑ a b Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), p. 100 (No. 15) and Plate II, on the attribution, p. 28ff.
  52. ↑ Ludwig Traube, Carmina Scottorum Latina et Graecanica , XII, iv Poetae Latini medii aevi 3: Poetae Latini aevi Carolini (III). Published by Ludwig Traube . Berlin 1886, p. 697 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ), cf. the reproduction of the manuscript in Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), plate II.
  53. ↑ Muzerelle, Martin d'Irlande et ses acolytes ... (2003), p. 327; according to the formulation, it is more of a request for the salvation of a person who is still alive, cf. Psalm 85,2 : " φύλαξον τὴν ψυχήν μου… ὁ θεός μου " ( LXX ) / " custodi animam meam ... Deus meus " ( Vulgata iuxta LXX)
  54. ↑ Contreni, A propos de quelques manuscrits ... (1972), p. 29ff.
  55. ↑ Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), p. 18 and Plate IV
  56. ↑ Herren, Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina ... (1993), p. 18, p. 29f.
  57. ↑ Ludwig Traube, O Roma Nobilis , in: Treatises of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Philological-Historical Class, Volume 19 (Memoranda Volume 64), 1892, pp. 299–392, p. 362
  58. ↑ Gangolf Schrimpf: Art. Johannes Scottus Eriugena , in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie , Volume 17, pp. 156–172, here p. 165, note 8
  59. ^ Remigius of Lyons, Libellus de tribus epistolis , cap. XXXIX, PL 121,1052A, on this Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon ... "(1978), p. 84f., Who speaks out against assuming the place of residence" in palatio regis "in Laon.
  60. ↑ On the controversy over Eriugena's autographs, in which two writing hands i 1 and i 2 are up for discussion and the letter in question is assigned to hand i 1 , see Lesley Smith, Yet more on the autograph of John the Scot: MS Bamberg PH. 2/2 and its place in Periphyseon tradition , in: Haijo J. Westra (Ed.), From Athens to Chartres: Neoplatonism and medieval thought. Studies in honor of Edouard Jeauneau , Brill, Leiden 1992, ISBN 90-04-09649-3 , pp. 47-70, p. 55
  61. ↑ Contreni, A propos de quelques manuscrits ... (1972), p. 10, on the assessment of the statements made by the letter, The Cathedral School of Laon ... (1987), p. 102
personal data
SURNAME Martin of Laon
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Martinus hibernensis
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Scholar of Irish Descent
DATE OF BIRTH 819
PLACE OF BIRTH Ireland
DATE OF DEATH 875
Place of death Laon