Maryam

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Saint Maryam with her son Isa , old Persian miniature .

Maryam , Mariam , Meryem or Marjam , Arabic مريم, Aramaic ܡܪܝܡ, is the Aramaic, Amharic and Arabic modification of the female given name Miriam (cf. Maria ). It is a very common given name among Muslims . It goes back to the biblical Mary, who according to the New Testament as Virgin Mary is the mother of the Messiah Jesus (Isa al-Masih). In the non -Quranic literature in Islam she is called ( Maryam al-ʿaḏrāʾ (al-batūl) ): the Virgin Maryam.

Maryam in the Koran

The Koran gives a lot of space to the mother of Jesus . A whole sura from the Mediterranean era, Sura 19 , bears her name. There it is reported how she gives birth to a son named ʿĪsā ibn Maryam ('Jesus, Son of Mary') under a palm tree . Sura 21 , from the same period, tells of the virgin birth : "And we breathed Our Spirit into him who kept her chastity and made her and her Son a sign for the worlds." (21:91)

In sura 3 , which is assigned to the Medinan time, the election of Mary by God is described: "O Mary, behold, God has chosen and purified you and chosen you before the women of the worlds." (3:42) A verse in sura 5 turns directly against excessive devotion to Mary: “And (at that time) when God said: 'Jesus, Son of Mary!' Did you say to people: 'Besides God, take me and my mother as gods!' "(5: 116)

The most obvious correspondence between the Qur'anic portrayal of Maryam and the Christian tradition on Mary concerns the virginity of the mother of Jesus. Problems arise, however, with regard to the genealogical and chronological classification of Maryam. While on the one hand in Sura 19:28 as "sister of Harun " of the biblical Aaron is addressed, and generally, the daughter'Imrāns, the biblical Amram , the father of Moses appears, she is on the other hand, the mother of Jesus and grows in the care of Zachary on ( Sura 3 : 37). In older research this was seen as a mistake of the mother of Jesus for the prophetess Miriam , the sister of Moses and Aaron, but more recent studies tend to interpret the connection between the two figures in the Koran as a typology . In the Islamic tradition itself it is assured that 1,800 years lie between the biblical Amram and the father of Mary.

Worship of Maryam in Islam

The Muslims revere Jesus as the last prophet before Muhammad . That is why Maria enjoys a special reputation. According to the Islamic view, as the virgin mother of Jesus, she belongs to the people chosen by God. She is considered one of the "best women", next to Khadija , the first wife of Mohammed, and Fatima , his daughter. In this respect, she is a role model for all women in Islam. However, the concept of the Mother of God is completely alien to Islam.

The opinion is often held that, according to the Koran, Maryam is part of the Christian trinity alongside God and Jesus . Some Islamic theologians counter that the corresponding verse does not equate Mary and Jesus in the Trinitarian sense. Rather, various forms of exaggerated and thus to be rejected veneration are marked here, namely on the one hand the acceptance of a Trinity with the focus on the divine nature of Jesus and on the other hand the veneration of Mary . The criticism therefore refers to the fact that Mary is ascribed divine qualities in the context of Marian veneration and Jesus in the context of the Trinity, which only God himself is entitled to. Since, according to the classical Islamic view, every form of worship should be addressed directly to God, the concept of a patron saint alongside God in the form of Jesus, Mary or a saint is rejected as a form of attachment ( shirk ).

In Islam, Maria experiences a different kind of veneration than in Christianity .

Marienhaus in Turkey

The veneration of the house of Mother Mary ( Meryem ana evi in Turkish ), which goes back to Clemens Brentano's writings, near Ephesus near the town of Selçuk in modern-day Turkey attracts not only Christian but also numerous Islamic pilgrims . In certain local traditions, visiting the sanctuary can replace the pilgrimage to Mecca for some groups of people (especially the poor and women) .

Name bearers

literature

  • Michael Marx: Glimpses of a Mariology in the Qur'an ; in: A. Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (eds.): The Qur'ān in Context. Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur'ānic Milieu . Leiden 2011. pp. 533-563.
  • Annemarie Schimmel: Jesus and Mary in Islamic Mysticism . Kösel, Munich 1996. New edition: Chalice, Xanten 2018, ISBN 978-3-942914-30-7 .
  • Arent Jan Wensinck : Maryam. In: AJ Wensinck, JH Kramers (Hrsg.): Short dictionary of Islam. Brill, Leiden 1976, pp. 421-423.
  • Hans Rossi: Maryam. Arab, Carmelite, mystic , Bernardus-Verlag, Aachen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8107-0230-2 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Maryam  - explanations of meanings, origins of words, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See e.g. B. aṭ-Ṭabarī: Ǧāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān , on sura 5, verse 22
  2. ↑ See Marx, 538f.
  3. ↑ See Wensinck, p. 422f.
  4. ↑ See Wensinck, pp. 421f; Rudi Paret : The Koran, Commentary and Concordance. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart et al. 1971, p. 133 (commentary on sura 5: 116); Wilhelm Rudolph : The dependence of the Qoran on Judaism and Christianity. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1922, pp. 86f. (At the same time: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 1920); Adel Theodor Khoury : Islam and the Western World. Basic religious and political questions. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-534-15906-3 , p. 80.
  5. ↑ Heather Abraham: The Shrine of our Lady of Ephesus: A Study of the Personas of Mary as Lived Religion. Thesis, Georgia State University, 2008 p. 38 f.