Guangdong Massacre

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The massacre in Guangdong ( Chinese :廣東大屠殺/广东大屠杀) or the massacre of the Cultural Revolution of Guangdong ( Chinese :廣東文革屠殺/广东文革屠杀) was a series of massacres during the Cultural Revolution in China's Guangdong Province took place . Most of the massacres of the Cultural Revolution in Guangdong took place from July to October 1968 and were chaired and organized by the provincial and local "revolutionary committees". The Guangdong massacre was one of the worst massacres in China at the time and was related to the Guangxi massacre .

There were two main types of massacres in Guangdong: one type was directed against members of the " five black categories " and their relatives, and the other type related to political persecution. There were 80 counties in Guangdong during the Cultural Revolution. According to the 57 “County Annals” made available during the “ Boluan Fanzheng ” period, 28 counties were massacred, with six counties killing over 1,000. The average death toll in all 28 countries was 278, and the massacres totaled at least 7,784 people. The Yangjiang massacre was the worst in Yangchun County alone, with over 2,600 deaths. In addition, it also occurred in cities like Guangzhou to massacres.

Historical background

Clashes between two factions

The establishment of the Guangdong Revolutionary Committee (1968).

In May 1966, Mao Zedong started the Cultural Revolution in mainland China . In early 1967, local governments and Communist Party committees in Guangdong were paralyzed by the "rebel group (造反 派)" and society was in chaos. On March 15, Mao deemed "military control" necessary in Guangdong and appointed Huang Yongsheng as director of the Military Control Commission. In 1967, two factions in Guangdong often got into major violent clashes: the "Red Flag Faction (紅旗 派 / 红旗 派)", a rebel group, and the "East Wind Faction (東風 派 / 东风 派)", a conservative group that supported military control .

Zhou Enlai , the Prime Minister of China , had made several attempts since April 1967 to defuse the situation and called for the establishment of the "Guangdong Revolutionary Committee". In the meantime, Huang Yongsheng also tried to negotiate with the leaders of both factions.

Guangdong Revolutionary Committee

In February 1968, the Guangdong Revolutionary Committee was established, chaired by Huang Yongsheng. Huang was also the commander of the "Guangzhou Military Region (廣州 軍區 / 广州 军区)" and personally supported the East Wind faction. The Rote Fahne faction, however, resisted the committee, and as a result the violent fighting continued for the next three months. Meanwhile, in May 1968, Mao Zedong launched the "Classroom Cleansing (清理 階級 隊伍 / 清理 阶级 队伍)," a nationwide political cleansing that resulted in the persecution of at least tens of thousands in Guangzhou alone, many of whom have foreign ties Deaths were persecuted.

From July 1968, the Revolutionary Committee and the Guangdong military began to crush the Red Flag faction, and massacres were carried out in Guangdong thereafter. The height of the massacre lasted from July to October 1968.

The massacre

The Yangjiang massacre

The current map of Yangjiang , which was a county during the massacre but was later promoted to a city in China that ruled several counties.

The Yangjiang Massacre (Chinese: 陽江 大 屠殺 / 阳江 大 屠杀) was a series of massacres that took place in Yangjiang, Guangdong , during the Chinese Cultural Revolution . According to the Yangjiang Communist Party (CPC) committee, at least 3,573 people died in the Yangjiang massacre:

  • The Yangjiang County massacre took place from January 1, 1968 to mid-January 1969, and killed 909 people.
  • The massacre in Yangchun County began on September 23, 1967 and killed 2,664 people.

Slaughter methods included striking, shooting, drowning, stabbing, stoning, exploding with fireworks, burning with kerosene, live burial, and so on. At that time, many bodies could be seen floating on the Moyang River (漠 陽江 / 漠 阳江). By the summer of 1968, the situation had gotten out of hand, forcing the CPC Central Committee and local military committees to intervene several times, but the massacre did not stop completely until mid-January 1969.

Incident with "Laogai prisoners" in Guangzhou

The incident with " Laogai prisoners " in Guangzhou ( Simplified Chinese : 广州 吊 劳改犯 事件 / 广州 打 劳改犯 事件; Traditional Chinese : 廣州 吊 勞改犯 事件 / 廣州 打 勞改犯 事件) occurred in August 1967 in Guangzhou . The incident lasted for about a week and was caused by rumors that the Laogai prisoners were being released from prisons in northern Guangdong and that Guangzhou was about to be ransacked. As a result, local civilians demonstrated extreme acts of violence against strangers for reasons of self-protection. According to researchers, the massacre killed at least 187 to 197 people (some say around 300), most of whom were locals living in Guangzhou or its rural areas. Many bodies of the victims of the massacre were hung from trees or "power poles" along the streets.

Anti-Peng-Pai Incident

The painted picture of Peng Pai .

The Anti-Peng Pai Incident (Chinese: 反 彭湃 事件) was a serious "illegitimate" case during the Cultural Revolution in Shanwei, Guangdong , against relatives of the late Peng Pai , who was a pioneer of the Chinese peasant movement and one of the The leader was the Chinese Communist Party in its earlier stage. In the incident, Peng Pai was described as a "traitor" and an " opportunist ". From August 1967 a massacre broke out that lasted about half a month and claimed the deaths of over 160 people. In addition, over 800 people were crippled for life and over 3,000 injured. Peng Pai's cousin and nephew were killed in the massacre while Peng's mother was persecuted. Peng's nephew's head was cut off from the perpetrator and shown to the public for three days. In August 1968, Peng Hong (彭 洪), Peng Pai's third son, was killed and secretly buried.

However, some Chinese researchers have suggested that Peng Pai imposed "red terror" policies when he led the peasant movement and after he founded the "Hailufeng Soviet". The policy killed thousands of landlords and resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people. Therefore, the anti-peng pai incident was essentially retaliation by local citizens.

Dan County massacre

During the Cultural Revolution, massacres occurred in Dan County and Dongfang County on Hainan Island , which at the time were an administrative division of Guangdong Province. In March 1967, the local Military Control Commission announced that three mass organizations in Dan County were " counter-revolutionary organizations ." In April 1968 the local revolutionary committee was established and in August the local military began its massacre against members of the counter-revolutionary organizations, in which a total of over 700 people were killed. In addition, more than 50,000 people (some say 5,000) have been detained, around 700 houses have been burned down, and thousands of people have been permanently disabled.

Other places

The map of the parishes of Guangdong.

According to a research report (2003) by Andrew G. Walder of Stanford University and Yang Su of UC Irvine , the following six counties in Guangdong reported a death toll of over 1,000 as a result of the Cultural Revolution:

County (Xian) Mother city Number of abnormal deaths
Yangchun Yangjiang 2600
Wuhua Meizhou 2136
Lianjiang Zhanjiang 1851
Mei Meizhou 1403
Guangning Zhaoqing 1218
Lian Qingyuan 1019

Death toll

During the Cultural Revolution, Guangdong recorded one of the highest "abnormal deaths" in China:

  • In 2016, Fei Yan (now at Tsinghua University ) concluded that the average number of abnormal deaths (including the number of deaths from massacres) in Guangdong counties was 299, the fifth highest number in the country.
  • In 2006, Yang Su of UC Irvine, based on the 57 available "county annals" (out of the 80 counties during the Cultural Revolution), concluded that the counties had an average of 311.6 abnormal deaths, while the average Massacre deaths (at least 10 people killed once) were 278 among the 28 counties that reported massacres - the total was 7,784.
  • In 2003, Andrew G. Walder of Stanford University and Yang Su of UC Irvine concluded that the average number of abnormal deaths among counties was 290, based on the 61 available county annals (out of 114 counties in Guangdong) , the third highest nationwide number. The total number of abnormal deaths was 33,060.

aftermath

In September 1971, the " Lin Biao Incident " broke out and Huang Yongsheng , chairman of the Guangdong Revolutionary Committee, was removed from his post and arrested as an ally of Lin. In August 1973, Huang was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party. Mao Zedong died in September 1976 and the " Gang of Four " were arrested in October , ending the Cultural Revolution.

During the " Boluan Fanzheng " period, Xi Zhongxun , the CPC provincial secretary in Guangdong, was responsible for rehabilitation of the victims and was supported by the CPC Central Committee . In January 1980, the Guangdong Revolutionary Committee was removed and the Guangdong People's Government reinstated. In 1981, Huang Yongsheng was sentenced to 18 years in prison and died in 1983.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Yang Su: Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution ( en ). Cambridge University Press, February 21, 2011, ISBN 978-1-139-49246-1 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Su Yang (苏阳): “文革” 中 的 集体 屠杀 ： 三省 研究. In: Modern China Studies. Retrieved August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
  3. ^ Brown on Su, 'Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution' | H-Human-Rights | H-Net ( en )
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Yongyi Song: Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) ( en ) In: Sciences Po .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Jeffrey Hays: CULTURAL REVOLUTION: DEATH TOLL, FIGHTING AND MASS KILLING | Facts and details ( en )
  6. ^ A b c Andrew G. Walder, Yang Su: The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact . In: The China Quarterly . No. 173, 2003, ISSN  0305-7410 , pp. 74-99.
  7. ↑ Yan Lebin (晏乐斌): 我 参与 处理 广西 文革 遗留 问题. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu . Retrieved August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Chen Baode (陈宝德), Li Xuechao (李 学 超): 阳江 “乱 打乱 杀 事件” 始末. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu . Retrieved August 6, 2020 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e Zhang Zhishen (张志 慎): 揭秘 ： “文革” 期间 广州 的 “打 劳改犯” 事件. In: Renmin Ribao . June 11, 2014, accessed August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
  10. ↑ Jian Guo, Yongyi Song, Yuan Zhou: The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution ( en ). Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6870-0 .
  11. ↑ Zehou Chi: 不识时务 亦 俊杰 ( zh ) In: China News Digest . 2010.
  12. ^ Fei Yan: Rival Rebels: The Political Origins of Guangzhou's Mass Factions in 1967 . In: Modern China . 41, No. 2, March 1, 2015, ISSN  0097-7004 , pp. 168-196. doi : 10.1177 / 0097700414533633 .
  13. ^ A b Yang Su: Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution ( en ). Cambridge University Press, February 21, 2011, ISBN 978-1-139-49246-1 .
  14. ↑ a b c Jian Guo, Yongyi Song, Yuan Zhou: The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution ( en ). Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6870-0 .
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  23. ^ A b Gucheng Li: A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China . Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 1995.
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  25. ↑ a b c d Shuozhong Huang: 习仲勋 主政 广东 二三事 ： 使 广东 成 改革 开放 先锋 ( zh ) In: Global Times .
  26. ↑ a b c d Huang Suisheng (黄穗生): 彭湃 洗冤录 ： 文革 期间 数千 人 屠杀 彭家 后人. In: Phoenix New Media (凤凰网). February 3, 2018, accessed August 6, 2020 .
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  30. ↑ a b c d Xue Lin: 赵紫阳 · 从 革命 到 改良 （广东 篇） ( zh ). 世界 华语 出版社, October 17, 2019, ISBN 978-1-940266-62-6 .
  31. ↑ Li Yizhe (李一哲): 文革 结束 后 习仲勋 如何 评价 社会 “非 毛” 现象？ In: Phoenix New Media (凤凰网). October 19, 2013, accessed August 6, 2020 (Chinese).
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  33. ↑ Fei Yan: 政治 运动 中 的 集体 暴力 ： “非 正常 死亡” 再 回顾 （1966-1976） . In: Twenty-First Century . 155.
  34. ↑ [广东 省 历届 人民 代表 大会 历次 会议 大事记 (1954-2008) 广东 人大 网 广东 省 人民 代表 大会 常务委员会] ( zh )
  35. ↑ Jian Guo, Yongyi Song, Yuan Zhou: The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution ( en ). Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6870-0 .
  36. ↑ 揭秘 逮捕 林彪 的 "四大 金刚" ： 黄永胜 大叫 冤枉 ( zh ) In: Renmin Ribao . 同舟 共进. March 26, 2013.