Mathildic goods

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Mathildic estates were a non-contiguous, extensive medieval territory in Tuscany , Emilia and Lombardy , which played a decisive role in the Italian policy of German kings and Roman-German emperors as well as the territorial policy of the Popes played.

The Mathilde estates got their name from Mathilde von Canossa , from 1069 until her death in 1115 she ruled independently as margravine at Canossa Castle . Their widespread rulership included Tuscany, Mantua , Parma , Reggio , Piacenza , Ferrara , Modena , part of Umbria , Spoleto , the Papal States from Viterbo to Orvieto and part of the Mark of Ancona , partly as allodes , partly as imperial fiefs. Around 1080 she gave away her goods in northern and central Italy to the Holy See, from which she received them back as a fief. As early as 1107 she bequeathed her possessions to the Holy See. In 1111 she also appointed Emperor Heinrich V as heir after she had recognized him as her liege lord. When she died in 1115, both Pope Paschal II and Henry V claimed the area. Both cited Mathilde's orders; the emperor also claimed various territories as repudiated imperial fiefs. It is unclear whether the emperor recognized Mathilde's earlier donation.

Lothar III. negotiated a compromise with the Curia in 1133 , which provided that the Mathildic property would be the property of the Pope, but that he would continue to be in their possession against payment of 100 pounds of silver annually. In 1137 Lothar enfeoffed his son-in-law Heinrich the Proud , who had previously become Margrave of Tuszien, with the Mathildic estates. With this the territory of the Guelphs had grown considerably and Heinrich became the most promising candidate to succeed Lothar. But when Konrad III. Became king, the Mathildic estates played an important role in the dispute between the Hohenstaufen and Guelphs. Conrad III, who considered himself to be the heir of Henry V, tried from 1128 to 1130 against papal resistance to take possession of the Mathildic estates.

Heinrich's successor as owner of the goods was his brother Welf VI. who hardly took on this task. In 1159 Pope Hadrian IV requested the return to the Holy See. In 1158, Emperor Barbarossa claimed the goods at the Reichstag in Roncaglia by virtue of imperial law, and Welf VI bought it. 1173/74 the territories and reorganized their administration 1158/59. As a result, however, the areas moved back into the focus of disputes between the emperor and the Pope - not least because they were in the immediate vicinity of the Papal States. As part of the peace negotiations in Anagni in 1176 after the Battle of Legnano , Friedrich Barbarossa finally announced the complete return of the Mathildic goods to the Pope. In the following year 1177, however, the emperor was able to reverse this papal demand in the Peace of Venice and achieved, among other things, the papal recognition of a 15-year right of use at least for parts of Mathild's goods. Even in the Peace of Constance in 1183, no lasting agreement was reached. Under Henry VI. In 1192 there were renewed negotiations for the return of the remaining territories to the Apostolic See. Even Philip of Swabia and his successor Otto IV. Claimed the Mathildine goods for themselves. With the gold bull of Eger in 1213, the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II renounced its possession on behalf of the empire. However, the once much larger estates had shrunk due to the claims of the municipalities such as Modena and Reggio, which had forced the Mathildic vassals to take civil oaths.

literature

  • Dante Colli (text), Pietro Parmiggiani (illustrations): Nel segno di Matilde . Artioli, Modena 1991, ISBN 88-7792-026-2 .
  • Thomas Groß: Lothar III. and the Mathildic estates . Lang, Frankfurt / M. 1990, ISBN 3-631-42399-3 (also dissertation, Univ. Münster 1988).
  • Alfred Overmann : Countess Mathilde of Tuscien. Your possessions; History of their estate from 1115-1230 and their regests . Edition Minerva, Frankfurt / M. 1965 (reprint of the Innsbruck edition 1895).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Friedemann Needy : Die Staufer , Darmstadt, 2006, ISBN 3-89678-288-6 , pp. 118f
  2. ^ Johannes Laudage , Die Salier - The first German royal house , CH Beck, Munich, 3rd edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-53597-0 , p. 103
  3. ↑ a b Friedemann needy, Die Staufer , Darmstadt, 2006, ISBN 3-89678-288-6 , p. 119
  4. ^ Opll, Ferdinand: Friedrich Barbarossa , Darmstadt, ISBN 978-3-89678-665-4 , 2009, p. 125