Matronae Turstuahenae

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The Matronae Turstuahenae or Turstvahenae are matrons that have been handed down through three inscriptions from the Rhineland from the 2nd to 3rd century. Two inscriptions come from Derichsweiler , a district of Düren , and one inscription from Flerzheim , city of Rheinbach . The Germanic epithet is derived from a place name and means "dry place, arid ground".

Findings and inscriptions

Derichsweiler site

The Derichsweiler votive stones of the Turstuahenae were found at the beginning of the 1950s as constructions in the old parish church of St. Martin , which burned out as a result of a bomb attack in 1940. When the old church was re-excavated in 1987, three more inscription stones were found; two tombstones of which a late antique Christian stone for the Frankish godvine and a votive stone for the matronae Alusneihae .

In 1951, the stone was broken out of the north-west corner of the ruin, which was built there as a corner cuboid. The stone is owned by the Heimatmuseum Düren and is made of brownish-red sandstone with the dimensions of 88 X 48 X 24 cm in height, width and depth. The base and cornice were knocked off for the purpose of building. The state of preservation of the stone is very rudimentary, so that fragments of the former stamps and decorations have remained. Fragments of upholstery volutes show scaling. The gables protrude slightly above the upper edge, and a sacrificial bowl has been preserved between them. Below is the narrowly framed panel with the inscription in usual capitalis . Similar decorations were probably attached to the side surfaces. The better left side shows two image fields separated by a decorative strip, the decor of the decorative strip is no longer clearly identifiable. The lower area of ​​the picture shows a long-stemmed, two-petalled acanthus calyx from whose rolled-up leaf tips a large leaf bud hangs from a thin stalk. The upper surface of the picture is characterized by an arrangement of various fruits.

"[Ma] tronis / [Tu] rstuaheni (s) / C (aius) Caldinius / Avvaco / [p] ro liberis / suis l (ibens) m (erito)"

"The matrons Turstuahenae (consecrates) Gaius Caldinius Avvaco willingly and gladly for a fee."

In 1985, after an autopsy of the inscription, Günter Neumann found the lower part of the vertical haste from the incoming T of the epithet and from the following V traces of a sloping haste . The donor identifies himself as a local by the Germanic nickname Avvaco . The name contains the tribe Auva - and finds exact equivalents in the documents Old High German Ouwo and Old English Eawa . The gentile name Caldinius can often be found in the catalog of the donors of matron stones, but in connection with Latin names. Leo Weisgerber linked the name to Germanic to the root hal- . Hermann Reichert sees a Latin, possibly partly a hybrid formation in all documents.

In 1952, the votive stone was found in the tower of the ruin during further work - without being scientifically recorded (the first publication was by Manfred Clauss in 1976). It is made of light-colored sandstone (59 X 40 X 20 cm) and is badly damaged and has been weathered to the same extent. As with the first find, the plinth and cornice were removed to make them easier to build. Decors are only recognizable on the narrow sides: on the left a simply framed picture field with a fragmentary cornucopia of fruit. On the right only the remains of a cornucopia with fruit can be seen. The stone is in the depot of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn.

The heavily faded or rubbed-off inscription has only been damaged and was possibly originally laid out on four or five lines. The letters have a height of 5.5; 5 and 4.5 cm. Reading is only possible through considerable conjectures.

"Turstua [he] / [nis] / [] du [s] / [pro se et s] ui [s"

According to Neumann, the incoming T of the matron's leg name has been fully preserved, and the right slant of the following V is rudimentary.

Location Rheinbach-Flerzheim

In 1989 in Flerzheim, south of Bonn , an inscription fragment of M. Turstuahenae was found during excavations at the Roman road station in the vicinity of Villa Rustica in Flerzheim (first publication, Krešimir Matijević 2008). The votive stone fragment is in the depot of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn. The inscription can be found on a fragment in the upper left corner of a stone made of Klakstein (27 X 13.5 X 20 cm). The epithet can be clearly produced from the inscribed TVR [....] / HENIS to the full form. The further reading is more indefinite due to the various optional conicings. Clauss-Slaby, for example, read the first name Petronius in the fragment […] / RONI […] .

"Tur [stua] / henis [Pet] / roni [us (?)] / [] Mi ["

Matijević reads the generic name as Matronis .

"Tur [stua] / henis [Mat] / roni [s ---] / [-] MIL (?) [---] / [------"

nickname

Both of these fragmented documents complement each other to form the full name of the Turstuahenae . Siegfried Gutenbrunner, who only published the findings of AE 1955,37 in 1952, could only read · · RSTVAHENI (S) from the nickname. On this basis, he presented three optional possible solutions from the point of view of the “narrow limits” which the sound sequence -rstu- or -rstw- set into the discourse. He corrected the gap and added to the Germanic word stems:

  • [VV] RSTVA zu Vurstuahenis (to Gothic waurstw "work")
  • [BV] RSTVA zu Burstuahenis (to Old Norse burst "stiff hair, bristle, roof back")
  • [BE] RSTVA zu Berstuahenis (in Germanic * berhta- "hell") he compared with the surnames of the Matronae Berhuiahenae (i. E. Subsidiary form of the Matronae Berguihenae )

After Gutenbrunner's preparatory work, Wilhelm Kaspers tried to add [HV] RST- in order to then connect this reading with the name of the goddess Hurstrga .

Because Manfred Clauss published the second inscription and immediately recognized that it contained the same stem of the name TVRSTVA-, the surname could now be completed in full. Neumann uses the stem (from the character string) turstva- to the root Germanic * þers- , * þurs- "dry being" with the spelling t for þ. The suffix is -stva- or -tva - which, like Gutenbrunner, he puts in Gothic waúrstw "work", "the created" and furthermore in saliþwos "hostel, apartment". Robert Nedoma assumes the same suffigal word formation in the new reading, or in obtaining the nickname of the (Matronae) Grusduahenae . Neumann puts the surname to the type of matrons' names derived from a place (detoponym). The root * þ stands in the shrinkage stage (with ur from the sonant r ) as in Gothic þaúrsus and in Old High German durri "dry". It also shows that numerous place names and water body names from the local nature (lack of water, sandy, water-permeable terrain) were formed from this root to the noun * þursti- * þurstu- meaning "dryness", as for example in the documents Dürrenberg , Durstbach , Dorsten . Theo Vennemann presumably adds the name of Düren to these documents based on the location. Basically he interprets the name differently and derives it from a Gallo-Roman place name * Þurstuacinae (without etymology), the original starting form of which was a water body name.

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ AE 1955, 00037 = Epigraphic Database Heideberg HD 19134 .
  2. ^ Siegfried Gutenbrunner: The Germanic god names of the ancient inscriptions. (= Rhenish contributions and auxiliary books on Germanic philology and folklore 24). Niemeyer, Halle / Saale 1936, p. 13.
  3. ↑ Leo Weisgerber: The names of the Ubier. Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Cologne / Opladen 1968, pp. 137f., 147f., 160.
  4. ^ Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of Old Germanic Names. Volume I, Part 1: Text volume. Vienna 1987, pp. 109, 166.
  5. ↑ AE 1977, 00548 = Epigraphic Database Heideberg HD 006124 .
  6. ↑ Krešimir Matijević: A new matron shrine in Rheinbach-Flerzheim, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (Germania Inferior). In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 38, 1 (2008), pp. 98–99.
  7. ↑ AE 2008, 935
  8. ↑ Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, HD no. HD065650
  9. ↑ CIL 13, 12013 , CIL 13, 7878
  10. ↑ CIL 13, 12014 see Rudolf Simek: Lexikon der Germanischen Mythologie (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , p. 48f.
  11. ^ Wilhelm Kaspers: On the Germanic inflected sacred names on Latin inscriptions. In: Contributions to name research 8, 1957, pp. 289–295.
  12. ^ Manfred Clauss: New inscriptions in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn. In: Epigraphische Studien 11 (1976), pp. 1-39; here 5f.
  13. ^ Robert Nedoma: Matronae Grusduahenae. In: Contributions to name research . NF 49, 4, 2014, pp. 441-449; here p. 445f.
  14. ^ Albrecht Greule : German water names book. Etymology of the water body names and the associated area, settlement and field names. de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-019039-7 , pp. 99, 101.
  15. ^ Theo Vennemann: Morphology of the Lower Rhine matron names. Berlin u. a. 1995, pp. 282, 283 Note 35. Robert Nedoma is skeptical: Matronae Grusduahenae. In: Contributions to name research . NF 49, 4, 2014, p. 447 Note 24.