Moon seed plants

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Moon seed plants
Sham myrtle (Anamirta cocculus), illustration from Koehler 1887

Sham myrtle ( Anamirta cocculus ),
illustration from Koehler 1887

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Moon seed plants
Scientific name
Menispermaceae
Yuss.

The moon seed plants (Menispermaceae) are a family in the order of the buttercups (Ranunculales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). The botanical name is derived from the Greek : mene for moon and sperma for seed. The family has a pantropical distribution, with most species occurring in the lowlands. Many species contain a variety of alkaloids, and some species are found in traditional Chinese medicine or have been used in folk medicine.

description

Jateorhiza palmata ,
illustration from Koehler 1887

They are deciduous, climbing shrubs or lianas , rarely upright shrubs or small trees , and there are also few herbaceous plants . The alternate or whorled leaves are usually simple. Stipules are missing.

They are usually dioeciously separated sexes ( diocesan ). The small, mostly unisexual, radial symmetry flowers are often threefold. The number of free or overgrown sepals in several circles is very different depending on the genus; usually 3–12 or more, rarely only 1. There are usually 1–6 petals or they are absent. In the male flowers there are usually 3–6, rarely 2, fertile stamens ; their stamens can be free or fused; sometimes they also contain a rudimentary ovary. In the female flowers there are usually 3 or 6, rarely 1 or many free carpels ; sometimes they contain staminodes .

Solitary stone fruits are formed. The seeds are often sickle to horseshoe-shaped, similar to a crescent moon (name).

Systematics and distribution

The family was first published in 1789 as "Menisperma" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , pages 284–285. The type genus is Menispermum L. The botanical genus name Menispermum is derived from the Greek : mene for moon and sperma for seed.

They thrive mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, only a few species in temperate areas. 19 genera and 77 species occur in China.

Among the 65 to 78 genera there are many small ones, with a total of 350 to 420 species:

Illustration by Orthomene schomburgkii
Cissampelos ovalifolia
Fruits from the Asian coconut tree ( Cocculus orbiculatus )
Illustration of Coscinium fenestratum
American moon seed ( Menispermum canadense )
Flowers of Stephania delavayi
Bulbs and leaves of Stephania suberosa
Guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia )
  • Abuta Aubl. : The approximately 34 species are common in tropical South America.
  • Albertisia Becc. : Of the approximately 17 species, twelve are found in Africa and five in Southeast Asia .
  • Anamirta Colebr. : There is only one type:
    • Pseudo myrtle ( Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. ), In Indomalesia
  • Anisocycla Baill. : The five to seven species are common in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Anomospermum Miers : The eight or so species are common in the Neotropics .
  • Antizoma Miers : The three or so species are common in southern Africa.
  • Arcangelisia Becc. : The four or so species are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Aspidocarya Hook.f. & Thomson : There is only one way:
  • Beirnaertia Louis ex Troupin : There is only one type:
  • Borismene Barneby : There is only one type:
  • Burasaia Thouars : With about six species, four of them in Madagascar .
  • Calycocarpum (Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray) Spach : There is only one species:
  • Carronia F. Muell. : The four or so species are distributed from New Guinea to Australia (New South Wales).
  • Caryomene Barneby & Krukoff : There are about five species common in the Neotropic.
  • Chasmanthera Hochst. : The only two succulent species are common in tropical Africa.
  • Chlaenandra Miq. : There is only one type:
  • Chondrodendron Ruiz & Pav. , With about six species in Central and South America, including:
    • Semolina , also called pareira, ( Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav. ): Medicinal plant, native to: Panama, South America. The Indians obtained a curare from the root , the tubocurare, an arrow poison . The main component is tubocurarine , which is also used in surgery. (Also from other moon seed plants)
  • Cionomene Krukoff , the only species of Cionomene javariensis Krukoff is also used as a synonym for Elephantomene eburnea Barneby & Krukoff
  • Cissampelos L .: With about 20 to 25 species. The distribution is pantropical, mainly in Africa and the New World .
  • Kokkelstrauch ( Cocculus DC. ): With about eight to eleven species. They are found in Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands, Central and North America. These are:
  • Coscinium Colebr. , with two species in Indomalesia and Southeast Asia
  • Curarea Barneby & Krukoff , with five species in tropical South America
  • Cyclea Arn. ex Wight : With about 29 species in South and Southeast Asia
  • Dialytheca Exell & Mendonça : There is only one type:
  • Dioscoreophyllum Engl. , With about 2–3 species in tropical Africa, including:
  • Diploclisia Miers , with only two species in tropical Asia
  • Disciphania Eichler : The approximately 26 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Elephantomene Barneby & Krukoff : There is only one type:
  • Eleutharrhena Forman : There is only one type:
  • Fibraurea Lour. : With two to five species on the Indian Nicobar Islands, in southern China and in the Philippines .
  • Haematocarpus Miers , with about three species from the eastern Himalayas to Sulawesi
  • Hyperbaena Miers ex Benth. , with about 13 species in America
  • Hypserpa Miers : With about six to nine species from South and Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands and Australia
  • Jateorhiza Miers , with about two species in tropical Africa, including:
    • Kalumba ( Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers ): In the East Indies, it was used to stun fish for catching. Other names: Colombo, Hand-leaved Kokkel, Hand-shaped moon grain, Colombo plant, Shield-leaved moon seed; Home: East Africa, Mozambique, Mauritius
  • Kolobopetalum Engl. , With about two to nine species in tropical Africa
  • Legnephora Miers , with a maximum of five species in New Guinea and Northeast Australia
  • Leptoterantha Louis ex Troupin : There is only one species:
  • Limacia Lour. , with probably only one species in Southeast Asia:
  • Limaciopsis Engl .: There is only one species:
  • Macrococculus Becc. : There is only one type:
  • Moon seeds ( Menispermum L. ): With about two species in eastern Asia and North America:
  • Odontocarya Miers : The approximately 30 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Orthogynium Baill. : There is only one type:
  • Orthomene Barneby & Krukoff : The three or so species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Pachygone Miers : With ten to twelve species in South and Southeast Asia and Oceania
  • Parabaena Miers : With around six species from Southeast Asia to the Solomon Islands
  • Penianthus Miers , with around two to four species in West and Central Africa
  • Pericampylus Miers : With two to three species in tropical and subtropical Asia
  • Platytinospora (Engl.) Diels , with only one species in tropical West Africa:
  • Pleogyne Miers : There is only one type:
  • Pycnarrhena Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson : With about nine species in Southeast Asia and Australian Queensland
  • Rhaptonema Miers , with about two to six species in Madagascar
  • Rhigiocarya Miers , with about one to three species in tropical West Africa
  • Sarcolophium Troupin : there is only one species:
  • Sarcopetalum F. Muell. : There is only one type:
  • Sciadotenia Miers : The 10 to 18 kinds are common in the Neotropic.
  • Sinomenium Diels : There is only one type:
  • Sphenocentrum Pierre : There is only one type:
  • Spirospermum Thouars : With one or two species in Madagascar.
  • Stephania Lour. : With around 40–60 species, 4 of which are succulent
  • Strychnopsis Baill. : There is only one type:
  • Synandropus A.C. Sm .: There is only one type:
  • Synclisia Benth. , with about one to three species in tropical Africa
  • Syntriandrum Engl. , With about two species in tropical West Africa
  • Syrrheonema Miers , with about one to three species in tropical West Africa
  • Telitoxicum Moldenke , with around five species in tropical South America
  • Tiliacora Colebr. : With about 25 species in tropical Africa and the Indo-Malaysian region
  • Tinomiscium Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson : With about seven species in Southeast Asia
  • Tinospora Miers (Syn .: Desmonema Miers ): The genus is widespread in the tropics of Africa and Asia with about 13-30 often stemmed succulent species, including:
    • Guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson ), native to: India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka; it is used as a medicinal plant
  • Triclisia Benth. , with about 8–25 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar
  • Ungulipetalum Moldenke : There is only one species:

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Individual evidence

  1. ^ K. Kubitzki : The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. II: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons , Springer, 1993, ISBN 978-3-642-08141-5 (reprint), p. 402.
  2. ↑ Menispermaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 13, 2018.
  3. ↑ Menispermaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  5. ↑ Burasaia - entry in the Flora of Madagascar.
  6. ↑ Spirospermum - Entry in the Flora of Madagascar.

Web links

Commons : Moonseed Family (Menispermaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files