Kalumba

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kalumba
Kalumba (Jateorhiza palmata), illustration from Koehler 1887.

Kalumba ( Jateorhiza palmata ),
illustration from Koehler 1887.

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Moon seed family (Menispermaceae)
Genre : Jateorhiza
Type : Kalumba
Scientific name
Jateorhiza palmata
( Lam. ) Miers

Kalumba ( Jateorhiza palmata ), also Kolombowurzel , Colombo , Handblättriger, -shaped Kokkel or Moonseed (s) , Ruhr root , hand-shaped moon grain , Kolombopflanze and (Schildblättriger) Moonseed called, is a plant from the family of menispermaceae (Menispermaceae), which in tropical Africa occurs.

description

Jateorhiza palmata grows as a liana . Larger plant tubers are formed as storage organs. The shoot axes are initially densely hairy, later glandular-bristly.

The alternate and long-stemmed leaves are hand-lobed. The glandular, fine-bristled leaf stalks are 18 to 25 cm long. The leaf blade is round to broadly ovate in outline , 15 to 35 cm long and 15 to 40 cm wide, more or less heart-shaped at the base and usually has five (to nine) wide, ovoid to elongated and entire lobes. Reduced lobes or larger teeth can occur. Towards the tip, the lobes are pointed to pointed or pointed to tapered. The slightly leathery leaf blade is hairy with fine bristles on both sides, the leaves rarely become bald with age. The veins impressed on the upper side are hand-shaped with usually five to seven main arteries. The stipules are missing.

Jateorhiza palmata is dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). Axillary and long-bristled, glandular inflorescences are formed. The males are paniculate with racemose side axes, the females are mostly racemose. The male inflorescences are up to 40 cm long, with 2 to 10 cm long side branches. The female, much shorter and less flowered inflorescences are 8 to 10 cm long. The flowers each have a sloping and narrow, fringed and the side branches a sublime bract . The unisexual, very small flowers have a double flower envelope and are radial symmetry .

The male, short-stalked to almost sessile, yellow-green flowers consist of 2.7 to 3.2 mm long and 1.3 to 1.6 mm wide, greenish 6 bare sepals in two circles, as well as 1.8 to 2, 2 mm long 6 laterally folded, narrow petals and free, 1 to 1.8 mm long 6 stamens with thick stamens that are slightly fused with the base of the petals. The female, short-stalked and yellow-green flowers have 3 about 1 to 1.5 mm long, densely glandular-hairy and free, upper carpels with almost sessile and three-part stigmas as well as 6 tongue-shaped staminodes and 6 narrow, here not laterally hammered petals . The sepals are about the same as in the male flowers.

The glandular-hairy and solitary, yellow, egg-shaped to ellipsoid drupes have a length of 2 to 2.5 cm and a width of 1.5 to 2 cm. The stone core has silky hair on one side.

Occurrence

Jateorhiza palmata is native to central to southern tropical East Africa , from Kenya to South Africa, and occurs there at altitudes between 0 and 1500 meters. It is grown in Ghana , Mozambique , Madagascar and in Brazil or India . Outside of its home areas, it is occasionally found as an invasive plant .

Illustration from Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen . Medicinal plants. 1880

History and use

As early as 1671, Francesco Redi wrote about a Radix di Calumbe , which he interpreted as an anti-poisonous substance ( alexipharmakon ). Hieronymus David Gaub called it Radix Indica and recommended it in 1771 against "abdominal rivers " ( alvi profluvia ).

However, the Kalumba root first became generally known through the English doctor Thomas Percival , who in 1773 published a detailed report on observations made with the root for diarrhea , intestinal colic and vomiting . Percival concluded that the Kalumba root stimulates the appetite, aids digestion, improves the quality of excretions from the gastrointestinal tract and eliminates nausea. These effects were confirmed in practice in the 19th century.

In the official pharmacopoeia “Prussian Pharmacopoeia” the “Radix Columbo” was listed from the first edition in 1799 and the “Pharmacopoeia Germanica”, published from 1872, also included the roots and the extract made from them.

Synonyms

Synonyms for Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers are: Jateorhiza columba ( Roxb. ) Oliv. , Cocculus palmatus (Lam.) DC. , Jateorhiza miersii Oliv. , Menispermum columba Roxb. and the basionyma is Menispermum palmatum Lam. Hence the different names of the drug.

literature

  • Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America. FAO Forestry Paper 67, FAO, 1986, ISBN 92-5-102361-1 , pp. 95-101, archive.org .
  • G. Troupin: Flora of Tropical East Africa. Volume 30, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1956.
  • HM Burkill: The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Volume 4, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1985.
  • Colombo radix - Colombo root ( Memento from June 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  • Jateorhiza palmata online (PDF), at SUST Repository - Sudan University of Science.
  • Eduard Winkler : Complete real lexicon of medicinisch-pharmaceutischen natural history and raw goods. First volume: A – L , Brockhaus, 1840, p. 360 f, online at the TU Braunschweig publication server.
  • OC Berg , CF Schmidt: Presentation and description of all of the officinal plants listed in the Pharmacopaea Borussica. First volume, Förstner, 1858, XIV. A, limited preview in the Google book search.
  • Ernst Gilg , Wilhelm Brandt, PN Schürhoff: Textbook of pharmacognosy. 4th edition, Springer, 1927, pp. 146–149, limited preview in the Google book search.
  • Rudolf Hänsel , K. Keller, H. Rimpler, G. Schneider (Eds.): Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. 5th Edition, Volume 5, Drugs: E-O , Springer, 1993, ISBN 978-3-642-63427-7 (Reprint), pp. 556-560.

Web links

Commons : Kalumba ( Jateorhiza palmata )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Ulrich: International dictionary of plant names. Schmidt, 1872, p. 141.
  2. ↑ Karl Ludwig Willdenow : Instructions for self-study of botany. Mäcken, 1833, p. 504.
  3. ↑ Friedrich Moll: Handbook of Pharmacology. Second volume, 1842, p. 28 ff.
  4. ↑ Francesco Redi: Esperienze intorno a diverse cose naturali e particolarmente a quelle, che ci son portate dall'Indie. Florence 1671, p. 125 (digitized version) .
  5. ↑ Hieronymus David Gaub: Adversariorum varii argumenti. Leyden 1771, Caput VI, pp. 78-99: Radix Indica a Joanne Lopez denominata, praestantissimum ad alvi profluvia remedium. (Digitized version) .
  6. ^ Thomas Percival: Essays medical and experimental. Volume II, Lowndes, London 1773, pp. 3-33: Observations and experiments on the Columbo-Root (digitized version) .
  7. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 77-78 (digitized) . German: Samuel Hahnemann , Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 92–93 (digitized version ) .
  8. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Suivis d'un nouvel essai sur l'art de formuler. Crapart, Paris 2nd edition 1808, Volume I, pp. 107-109 (digitized version ) .
  9. ^ Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Karl Asmund Rudolphi (eds.): Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences. JW Boike, Berlin, Volume 8 1832, pp. 73-78: Cocculus (digitized) .
  10. ↑ Jonathan Pereira : Handbook of remedies teaching. From the point of view of German medicine, edited by Rudolf Buchheim , Leopold Voss, Leipzig Volume II (1848), pp. 795–799 (digitized version ) .
  11. ^ Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen : Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume 1 No 13: Jateorhiza Calumba (digitized version ) .
  12. ↑ Koehler's medicinal plants . Eugen Köhler, Gera 1887, Volume II, No 140: Jatrorhiza palmata Text (digitized) ; Figure (digitized version) .
  13. ↑ Hermann Hager : Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia for the German Empire. Third edition, edited by H. Hager, B. Fischer and H. Hartwich, Julius Springer, Berlin (Volume II) 1892, pp. 436-438 (digitized version ) .
  14. ↑ Hager's handbook of pharmaceutic practice for pharmacists, doctors, chemists and medicinal officials. Springer Berlin 1900, Volume I, pp. 936-938 Colombo: (digitized version ) .
  15. ^ Pharmacopoeia Borussica. Georg Decker, Berlin 1799, p. 51 Radix Columbo (digitized version) .
  16. ↑ Pharmacopoea Germanica. Berlin 1872, p. 177: Kolomboextrakt (digitized) p. 273: Kolombowurzel (digitized) .