Moon seed plants
Moon seed plants | ||||||||||||
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Sham myrtle ( Anamirta cocculus ), |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Menispermaceae | ||||||||||||
Yuss. |
The moon seed plants (Menispermaceae) are a family in the order of the buttercups (Ranunculales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). The botanical name is derived from the Greek : mene for moon and sperma for seed. The family has a pantropical distribution, with most species occurring in the lowlands. Many species contain a variety of alkaloids, and some species are found in traditional Chinese medicine or have been used in folk medicine.
description
They are deciduous, climbing shrubs or lianas , rarely upright shrubs or small trees , and there are also few herbaceous plants . The alternate or whorled leaves are usually simple. Stipules are missing.
They are usually dioeciously separated sexes ( diocesan ). The small, mostly unisexual, radial symmetry flowers are often threefold. The number of free or overgrown sepals in several circles is very different depending on the genus; usually 3–12 or more, rarely only 1. There are usually 1–6 petals or they are absent. In the male flowers there are usually 3–6, rarely 2, fertile stamens ; their stamens can be free or fused; sometimes they also contain a rudimentary ovary. In the female flowers there are usually 3 or 6, rarely 1 or many free carpels ; sometimes they contain staminodes .
Solitary stone fruits are formed. The seeds are often sickle to horseshoe-shaped, similar to a crescent moon (name).
Systematics and distribution
The family was first published in 1789 as "Menisperma" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , pages 284–285. The type genus is Menispermum L. The botanical genus name Menispermum is derived from the Greek : mene for moon and sperma for seed.
They thrive mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, only a few species in temperate areas. 19 genera and 77 species occur in China.
Among the 65 to 78 genera there are many small ones, with a total of 350 to 420 species:
- Abuta Aubl. : The approximately 34 species are common in tropical South America.
- Albertisia Becc. : Of the approximately 17 species, twelve are found in Africa and five in Southeast Asia .
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Anamirta Colebr. : There is only one type:
- Pseudo myrtle ( Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. ), In Indomalesia
- Anisocycla Baill. : The five to seven species are common in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
- Anomospermum Miers : The eight or so species are common in the Neotropics .
- Antizoma Miers : The three or so species are common in southern Africa.
- Arcangelisia Becc. : The four or so species are common in Southeast Asia.
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Aspidocarya Hook.f. & Thomson : There is only one way:
- Aspidocarya uvifera J.D. Hooker & Thomson : It is common in China , India , Myanmar and Thailand .
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Beirnaertia Louis ex Troupin : There is only one type:
- Beirnaertia cabindensis (Exell & Mendonça) Troupin : It is widespread in tropical Africa.
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Borismene Barneby : There is only one type:
- Borismene japurensis (Mart.) Barneby : It is widespread in tropical South America.
- Burasaia Thouars : With about six species, four of them in Madagascar .
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Calycocarpum (Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray) Spach : There is only one species:
- Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) A.Gray : It is native to the southern United States .
- Carronia F. Muell. : The four or so species are distributed from New Guinea to Australia (New South Wales).
- Caryomene Barneby & Krukoff : There are about five species common in the Neotropic.
- Chasmanthera Hochst. : The only two succulent species are common in tropical Africa.
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Chlaenandra Miq. : There is only one type:
- Chlaenandra ovata Miq. , in New Guinea
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Chondrodendron Ruiz & Pav. , With about six species in Central and South America, including:
- Semolina , also called pareira, ( Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav. ): Medicinal plant, native to: Panama, South America. The Indians obtained a curare from the root , the tubocurare, an arrow poison . The main component is tubocurarine , which is also used in surgery. (Also from other moon seed plants)
- Cionomene Krukoff , the only species of Cionomene javariensis Krukoff is also used as a synonym for Elephantomene eburnea Barneby & Krukoff
- Cissampelos L .: With about 20 to 25 species. The distribution is pantropical, mainly in Africa and the New World .
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Kokkelstrauch ( Cocculus DC. ): With about eight to eleven species. They are found in Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands, Central and North America. These are:
- Carolina coconut bush ( Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. ), Home: USA
- Himalayan coconut shrub ( Cocculus laurifolius (Roxb.) DC. ), Home: Himalaya, China, Taiwan, Riukiu Islands
- Asiatic coconut bush ( Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. ), Native to: Himalayas, China, Japan, Philippines
- Coscinium Colebr. , with two species in Indomalesia and Southeast Asia
- Curarea Barneby & Krukoff , with five species in tropical South America
- Cyclea Arn. ex Wight : With about 29 species in South and Southeast Asia
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Dialytheca Exell & Mendonça : There is only one type:
- Dialytheca gossweileri Exell & Mendonça : It is common in tropical Africa.
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Dioscoreophyllum Engl. , With about 2–3 species in tropical Africa, including:
- Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels
- Diploclisia Miers , with only two species in tropical Asia
- Disciphania Eichler : The approximately 26 species are common in the Neotropic.
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Elephantomene Barneby & Krukoff : There is only one type:
- Elephantomene eburnea Barneby & Krukoff , in northeastern South America
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Eleutharrhena Forman : There is only one type:
- Eleutharrhena macrocarpa (Diels) Forman : It occurs in southwestern China and northeastern India.
- Fibraurea Lour. : With two to five species on the Indian Nicobar Islands, in southern China and in the Philippines .
- Haematocarpus Miers , with about three species from the eastern Himalayas to Sulawesi
- Hyperbaena Miers ex Benth. , with about 13 species in America
- Hypserpa Miers : With about six to nine species from South and Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands and Australia
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Jateorhiza Miers , with about two species in tropical Africa, including:
- Kalumba ( Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers ): In the East Indies, it was used to stun fish for catching. Other names: Colombo, Hand-leaved Kokkel, Hand-shaped moon grain, Colombo plant, Shield-leaved moon seed; Home: East Africa, Mozambique, Mauritius
- Kolobopetalum Engl. , With about two to nine species in tropical Africa
- Legnephora Miers , with a maximum of five species in New Guinea and Northeast Australia
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Leptoterantha Louis ex Troupin : There is only one species:
- Leptoterantha mayumbensis (Exell) Troupin , in tropical Africa
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Limacia Lour. , with probably only one species in Southeast Asia:
- Limacia blumei (Boerl.) Diels
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Limaciopsis Engl .: There is only one species:
- Limaciopsis loangensis Engl. , In tropical Africa
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Macrococculus Becc. : There is only one type:
- Macrococculus pomiferus Becc. , in New Guinea
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Moon seeds ( Menispermum L. ): With about two species in eastern Asia and North America:
- American moon seed ( Menispermum canadense L. ), native to North America, is used as a medicinal plant
- Dahurian moon seed ( Menispermum dauricum DC. ), Origin: Asia
- Odontocarya Miers : The approximately 30 species are common in the Neotropic.
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Orthogynium Baill. : There is only one type:
- Orthogynium gomphioides (DC.) Baill. , in Madagascar
- Orthomene Barneby & Krukoff : The three or so species are common in the Neotropic.
- Pachygone Miers : With ten to twelve species in South and Southeast Asia and Oceania
- Parabaena Miers : With around six species from Southeast Asia to the Solomon Islands
- Penianthus Miers , with around two to four species in West and Central Africa
- Pericampylus Miers : With two to three species in tropical and subtropical Asia
- Platytinospora (Engl.) Diels , with only one species in tropical West Africa:
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Pleogyne Miers : There is only one type:
- Pleogyne cunninghamii Miers , in Eastern Australia
- Pycnarrhena Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson : With about nine species in Southeast Asia and Australian Queensland
- Rhaptonema Miers , with about two to six species in Madagascar
- Rhigiocarya Miers , with about one to three species in tropical West Africa
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Sarcolophium Troupin : there is only one species:
- Sarcolophium suberosum (Diels) Troupin , in tropical Africa
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Sarcopetalum F. Muell. : There is only one type:
- Sarcopetalum harveyanum F. Muell. , in eastern Australia
- Sciadotenia Miers : The 10 to 18 kinds are common in the Neotropic.
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Sinomenium Diels : There is only one type:
- Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & EH Wilson : The range extends from northern India, via Nepal , northern Thailand , China to Japan .
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Sphenocentrum Pierre : There is only one type:
- Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre , in tropical West Africa
- Spirospermum Thouars : With one or two species in Madagascar.
- Stephania Lour. : With around 40–60 species, 4 of which are succulent
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Strychnopsis Baill. : There is only one type:
- Strychnopsis thouarsii Baill. , in Madagascar
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Synandropus A.C. Sm .: There is only one type:
- Synandropus membranaceus A.C. Sm. , In northeastern Brazil
- Synclisia Benth. , with about one to three species in tropical Africa
- Syntriandrum Engl. , With about two species in tropical West Africa
- Syrrheonema Miers , with about one to three species in tropical West Africa
- Telitoxicum Moldenke , with around five species in tropical South America
- Tiliacora Colebr. : With about 25 species in tropical Africa and the Indo-Malaysian region
- Tinomiscium Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson : With about seven species in Southeast Asia
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Tinospora Miers (Syn .: Desmonema Miers ): The genus is widespread in the tropics of Africa and Asia with about 13-30 often stemmed succulent species, including:
- Guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson ), native to: India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka; it is used as a medicinal plant
- Triclisia Benth. , with about 8–25 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar
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Ungulipetalum Moldenke : There is only one species:
- Ungulipetalum filipendulum (Mart.) Moldenke , in Brazil.
swell
- The family of Menispermaceae in APWebsite . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Menispermaceae family at DELTA . (Section description)
- Donald G. Rhodes: Menispermaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 . (Section description)
- Qiming Hu, Xianrui Luo, Tao Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Menispermaceae in the Menispermaceae. , Pp. 1–166 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Description in the Flora of Pakistan. (English)
- Description in the Western Australian Flora . (English)
- Rosa Del C. Ortiz, Elizabeth A. Kellogg & Henk Van Der Werff: Molecular phylogeny of the moonseed family (Menispermaceae): implications for morphological diversification , in American Journal of Botany , 94, 2007, pp. 1425-1438.
- FMB Jacques, P. Bertolino: Molecular and morphological phylogeny of Menispermaceae (Ranunculales). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 274, Numbers 1-2, August 2008
- David John Mabberley: The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants . Cambridge University Press 1987, ISBN 0-521-34060-8 .
Individual evidence
- ^ K. Kubitzki : The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. II: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons , Springer, 1993, ISBN 978-3-642-08141-5 (reprint), p. 402.
- ↑ Menispermaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 13, 2018.
- ↑ Menispermaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- ↑ Burasaia - entry in the Flora of Madagascar.
- ↑ Spirospermum - Entry in the Flora of Madagascar.