Saint Petersburg Metro
| Basic data | |
| Country | Russia |
|---|---|
| city | St. Petersburg |
| opening | 1955 |
| Route length | 124.8 km |
| Stations | 72 |
| use | |
| Passengers | 726.5 mil. per year |
| vehicles | Metrowagonmasch 81-717 / 714 , 81-540.1 / 541.1, 81-540.2 / 541.2, 81-556 / 557/558 «NeWa», Em, |
| operator | State unitary company "Saint Petersburg Metro" |
| Gauge | 1520 mm |
| Power system | 825 V = side busbar (M2-M4) |
The Saint Petersburg metro ( Russian Санкт-Петербургский Метрополитен / Transcription Sankt-Peterburgskij Metropoliten ) is the metro of the Russian metropolis of Saint Petersburg and at the same time one of the deepest underground systems in the world. The first line opened on November 15, 1955. At the time of the Soviet Union it was called Metro Leningrad ( Ленинградский Метрополитен / Leningradskij Metropoliten ) after the city's name at that time . In 2019, the metro network consists of five lines with a total of 124.8 km and 72 stations. In 2017, an average of around 2 million and a total of 726.5 million passengers were carried every day. The Petersburg Metro is one of the most architecturally beautiful in the world.
The Metro is a public transport company owned by the city of Saint Petersburg. It operated in 2007 with a budget of 6.434 billion rubles (the equivalent of around 189 million euros). 10% of the budget was provided from the state budget of Russia, 90% was raised from fare and advertising revenues, but above all from funds from the city of Saint Petersburg. 13,000 employees work at Metro.
history
After the Moscow metro had already been built in 1935 in what was then the Soviet Union, a metro was to be opened as soon as possible in Leningrad , the country's second most important metropolis. By 1941, when the German siege of the city began in World War II , 34 shafts had already been dug for the construction of the metro. The war and other problems in the post-war years delayed construction work.
line 1
→ See also: Line 1 (Saint Petersburg Metro)
On November 15, 1955, the first line between Avtowo ( Автово ) and Ploshchad Vosstaniya ( Площадь Восстания ) was officially opened. A few months later, the Pushkinskaya ( Пушкинская ) station followed . As a result, the line connected the city's four major long-distance train stations on the southern bank of the Neva - the Moscow , Vitebsk , Baltic and the now-abandoned Warsaw train stations - as well as the south-western industrial areas. As early as 1958, the metro to Ploshchad Lenina ( Площадь Ленина ) on the north bank of the Neva was extended. This opened up the Finnish train station . These stations are all designed in an opulent, temple-like column architecture. The Avtovo and Pushkinskaya stations from this era are among the most magnificent underground stations in the world. In the 1960s and 70s, the line was extended 1966 to Datschnoje ( Дачное ) in 1975 after Lesnaja ( Лесная ) and Akademicheskaya ( Академическая ). With the expansion in 1977 the line after Prospekt Weteranow ( Проспект Ветеранов ) the temporary station was Datschnoje shut down. In 1978, the route went to Dewjatkino ( Девяткино ) to the grid. In 1992 the former Komsomolskaya ( Комсомольская ) station was given its current name Dewjatkino .
After long known problems between the stations Ploshchad Muschestva ( Площадь Мужества ) and Lesnaja , the tunnel had to be flooded in 1995 for reasons of stability. A free shuttle bus service was set up between the two Ploshchad Muschestva ( Площадь Мужества ) and Lesnaja , which have now become terminus, but could not fully replace the metro. This resulted in a severe deterioration in the traffic situation in the northeast of the city. In June 2004 a new bypass tunnel was completed and the line reopened. The reconstruction work in the difficult underground consumed a lot of money in an economically difficult time, so that despite a lot of subsidies during this time, some long-planned metro construction projects had to be restricted.
Line 2
→ See also: Line 2 (Saint Petersburg Metro)
In 1961, a second line was opened, starting at the Technologitscheski Institut station ( Технологический Институт ; transfer to line 1) to Park Pobedy ( Парк Победы ). This was continuously extended in the following years: 1963 north to Petrogradskaya ( Петроградская ), 1969 south to Moskovskaya ( Московская ) and 1972 on to Kuptschino ( Купчино ). In 1982 the northern extension to the Udelnaya station ( Удельная ) followed and in 1988 to the Prospectus Prosweschchenija ( Проспект Просвещения ). In 1992, the Ploshchad Mira station ( Площадь Мира ) was renamed Sennaya Ploshchad ( Сенная площадь ). Finally, in December 2006, the last section to the new terminus Parnas ( Парнас ) was opened.
Line 3
→ See also: Line 3 (Saint Petersburg Metro)
In addition to the two north-south lines, a third line was put into operation from 1967, which runs along the Nevsky Prospect through the city center in an east-west direction and connects to Vasilyevsky Island . The first section of the route from Vasileostrovskaya ( Василеостровская ) led to Ploshchad Alexandra Newskogo ( Площадь Александра Невского ). In 1970 the route along the southwestern bank of the Neva to Lomonosovskaya ( Ломоносовская ) was extended, followed in 1979 by another station on Vasilievsky Island, Primorskaya ( Приморская ). In 1981 Obuchowo ( Обухово ) and in 1984 Rybazkoje ( Рыбацкое ) were connected. Two more stations opened on May 26, 2018: Novokrestovskaya (renamed Zenith on August 14, 2020) and Begowaya .
Line 4
→ See also: Line 4 (Saint Petersburg Metro)
Traffic on line 4 began on December 30, 1985. The first section from Ploshchad Alexandra Newskogo (with transition to line 3) to Prospect Bolshevikov ( Проспект Большевиков ) tied the residential areas southeast of the Neva to the metro system. In 1987 the line was extended a little further south to Ulitsa Dybenko ( Улица Дыбенко ). In 1991 the line received a connection to the city center from Ploshchad Alexandra Newskogo to Sadowaja ( Садовая ). The station Krasnogwardeiskaja ( Красногвардейская ) was in 1992 Novocherkasskaya ( Новочеркасская renamed). In 1997, the northern extension of Sportivnaya ( Спортивная ) and Chkalovskaya ( Чкаловская ), in January 1999 Staraya Derevnya ( Старая Деревня ), in December of the same year Krestowski Ostrow ( Крестовский остров ) and 2005 the extension to Komendantski Prospekt ( Комендантский проспект ). The new Ladoga station was opened at Ladozhskaya ( Ладожская ) in 2003, making it the first station that is not on Line 1. On March 7, 2009, line 4 at Sadovaja station was divided into a north-west part and a south-east part. The north-western branch was linked to the south with Line 5, which had gone into operation a month earlier. The western part of line 4 has since ended at a newly built station on Sennaya Ploshchad called Spasskaya . Thus, the first transfer point of the Petersburg Metro was created here at which three lines intersect.
Line 5
→ See also: Line 5 (Saint Petersburg Metro)
Since the early 1990s, a fifth line to the south has been built in order to improve the connection to the large new development areas along Bukharestskaya Street. However, the project stalled again and again for financial reasons. In July and August 2007, the connections between lines 4 and 5 were made on the weekends, which is why the stations of line 4 between Sadowaja and Ploshchad Alexandra Newskogo were closed. On December 20, 2008, the fifth line of the Petersburg Metro was opened. Contrary to plan, only the Volkovskaya ( Волковская ) and Zvenigorodskaja ( Звенигородская , transfer point to Line 1 on Pushkinskaya ) stations were initially put into operation, as the installation of the escalators at the new Spasskaja ( Спасская ) terminus was not completed in time. Line 4 was therefore in operation between Komendantski Prospekt and Uliza Dybenko until its subsequent opening on March 7, 2009 .
The Obwodny Kanal underground station was also built between Zvenigorodskaya and Volkovskaya . However, this was only completed and put into operation on December 30, 2010.
Likewise, the Admiralteiskaya-1 station , planned as a new transfer station at the western end of Nevsky Prospect, was not put into operation until December 28, 2011. Before that, the underground trains had passed this underground station since 1997 (then still as line 4) without stopping and at reduced speed. The entrance and exit to line 5 was at the corner of Kirpitschni Pereulok (Кирпичный переулок) / Malaja Morskaja Uliza. Originally, the exit opposite was planned on the ground floor of the airline house. However, due to disputes with the owner of the property, the access could not be realized there. The change to the green line 3 with the Admiralteiskaya-2 underground station is still in the distant future.
On December 28, 2012 the line was extended to the south by two stations Bukharestskaya and Meschdunarodnaja . With the opening of another three stations on October 3, 2019, there was another extension to the south to the city limits.
At the southern end of the line is the Yuzhnoye depot.
Number of stations
While the metro grew by at least ten stations in each of the decades up to 1990, expansion slowed down considerably with the political upheaval in 1991 and the following years. The cost of the construction rose, on the other hand the federal subsidies from Moscow decreased. Within 15 years after 1991, only six stations could be opened.
|
|
|
|
|
Construction of the metro
tunnel
In general, it is not easy to build tunnels in Saint Petersburg because the geological subsoil is extremely problematic. The difficulties during construction do not stem from the great strength of the rocks, but conversely from the extreme instability of the geologically young subsoil. The Newa Delta is very deeply marshland , underneath are mighty claystones that are also difficult to tunnel through .
That is why the metro network, the deepest underground railway in the world, runs at an average depth of 50–75 meters below the surface. Only seven out of 67 stations in the outskirts are close to the surface. The deepest station is the Admiralteiskaya ( Адмиралтейская ) station, which opened on December 28, 2011 and is 102 m underground. The construction depth was used during the Cold War to convert the metro system into a large nuclear bunker. Similar to the Moscow metro, the stations at the foot of the escalators were given heavy gates that could hermetically seal off the underground network in an emergency. Supply stores and ventilation systems were integrated into this system.
Vestibules
The entrance structures (vestibules) of the metro often represent spacious halls in which passengers are usually guided through separate entrances and exits. There are turnstiles in front of the access escalators. There is a ticket office and a room for the railway police. There used to be small shops in this area which were abolished in 2006 to create more space for passengers and to increase safety. The buildings often reflect the architectural taste of the era well. Sometimes the entrance halls are integrated into existing buildings, for example the entrance to the Mayakovskaya and Nevsky Prospect stations . Future vestibules are to be integrated into shopping centers.
Station types
Due to the construction effort, almost every station only has one entrance and one exit, which leads to the surface via escalators. Transfer stations with different names per line are considered separately from one another. They therefore usually have an entrance / exit at one end of the platform of each line and a transition to the second station at the other end.
Simple stations usually have three escalators, so that at least one goes up and one goes down. The third is used, depending on the time of day and the flow of passengers, or operated as an alternative escalator for repairs. Transfer stations usually have four escalators due to their higher frequency. Only a few stations on the outskirts, where the building ground is firm enough, are just below or above the surface. At these stations, e.g. B. Avtowo and Leninsky Prospect , there are conventional stairs.
Closed type stations
At some stations, especially from the late 1960s and early 1970s, the platform was separated from the route by a wall that only has doors at the exact points where the doors of the wagons are at the stop. Such stations are called closed-type stations or "horizontal elevator" (горизонтальный лифт) because the windowless steel doors are reminiscent of elevators . Park Pobedy was the world's first station of its kind. The platform screen doors were officially installed to improve operational safety in order to protect passengers from falling onto the metro's track bed. The Petersburg Metro remained the only metro system in the territory of the former Soviet Union where closed-type stations were built.
Directional operation
At the Technologitscheski Institut station (lines 1 and 2), the trains travel north or south on a platform with one track per line, which significantly speeds up transfers during rush hour.
The Sportivnaya (Спортивная) station on line 5 is already prepared as a transfer station to a planned line 7 and is to be used in directional operations. A special feature of this station is that both platform halls are arranged one above the other and constructively form a unit, which leads to particularly short transfer routes.
Lines
The entire Saint Petersburg metro network is 110.3 km long in 2011 and consists of 65 stations. The following overview shows the lines from north to south; Stations / routes under construction are marked in gray.
| line 1 | Line 2 | Line 3 | Line 4 | Line 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line | Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya Line | Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line | Prawoberschnaya Line | Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line | |
| ( Кировско-Выборгская ) | ( Московско-Петроградская ) | ( Невско-Василеостровская ) | ( Правобережная ) | ( Фрунзенско-Приморская ) | |
Opening: 1955 |
Opening: 1961 |
Opening: 1967 |
Opening: 1985 |
Opening: 2008 |
Expansion and planning
The entire metro network is too small for the requirements of a city the size of Saint Petersburg. In addition, the stations are usually very far apart. Therefore, the line network is to be expanded further. In 1994 a plan was drawn up to build three new lines and a total of 61 new stations within ten years. This project was completely unrealistic. The economy collapsed in the 1990s, with the collapse of the tunnel on Line 1. In fact, only around 10 percent of the project, six new stations, could be implemented by 2006.
According to a plan in the mid-2000s, based on the city's general plan for Saint Petersburg, 41 new stations are to be opened between 2008 and 2020 (stations with transfers to other lines per line are expected). There are to be three additional lines. According to these plans, the metro network would have grown by 70 km and should be operated by five additional depots. A total of seven metro lines should open up the city by 2020. No extensions are to be expected for lines 1 and 2. The plans mentioned here refer to the city's general plan from 2005, which describes the framework for urban development up to 2025. This plan was also reduced to 17 stations and a new depot in the mid-2010s.
Line 3
The line was to be extended by five stations to the north.
In the longer term, it was planned to build a new Admiralteyskaya-2 station on the section between the stations: Gostinyj Dvor and Vasileostrovskaya in order to create a transfer option to Admiralteyskaya-1 on line 5. As a preliminary service, the tunnels were built horizontally and parallel to each other at this point.
Line 4
Line 4, which was broken at Sennaya Ploshchad, was originally supposed to be extended to the north-west by two stations, Teatralnaya ( Театральная ) and Gornyj institut on Vasilyevsky Island, until November 2019, at that time in 2023 . This will give the western city center at the Mariinsky Theater and the southern part of Vasilyevsky Island a metro connection.
After the commissioning of the Gornyj institut station , a continuation with two stations on Vasilyevsky Island to the newly created Morskoj Fassad district and the cruise ship terminal is planned. Later, the line is to be extended by a total of six stations to the northwest.
In the southeast, line 4 is also to be extended by a Narodnaya station to the Mega shopping center on Narodnaya Street, and a depot will then be built on it. Various plans relating to the south, however, were canceled in 2011.
Line 5
To the north, the line from Komendantski Prospect is to be extended by three stations: Dolgoosjornaja ( Долгоозёрная ), Ulitsa Shavrowa ( Улица Шаврова ) and Kolomjaschskaja ( Коломяжская ), as well as an additional depot.
Line 6
The light brown line "Krasnoselsko-Kalininskaja" ( Красносельско-Калининская ) is to connect the southwest and northeast with the eastern city center at the Smolny Institute from 2022 . First, the stations Brestskaja ( Брестская ) - Kazakowskaja ( Казаковская ) - Putilowskaja ( Путиловская , transition to line 1: Kirovsky Sawod ) will go into operation. Putilovskaya - Bronevaya ( Броневая ) - Novoismailowskaja ( Новоизмайловская ) - Chernigovskaya ( Черниговская , line 2: Moskowskije Vorota ) will follow later .
From the station Brest the line will be extended by three stations to the south later ( Petergofskoje shoots ( Петергофское шоссе ) - Sosnowaja Polyana ( Сосновая поляна ) - Ligovo ( Лигово )) from and Tschernigowskaja be supplemented by 10 stations to northeast: Borovaja - Obvodny Canal -2 (line 5) - Ligowski Prospekt-2 (line 4) - Snamenskaja ( Знаменская , line 1: Ploschtschad Vosstania , line 3: Majakovskaya ) - Suvorovsky brochure ( Суворовский проспект ) - Smolnaja ( Смольная ) - Ploschtschad Kalinina ( Площадь Калинина , planned line 7) - Ulitsa Samschina ( Улица Замшина ) - Piskarjowskaja ( Пискарёвская ) - Rutschji ( Ручьи ). According to the current planning, this line will have a total of 19 stations.
Line 7
The yellow ring line "Ochtinsko-Petrogradskaja" ( Охтинско-Петроградская ) has been planned in different versions since the 1950s. Construction work on the line should begin in 2010, although preliminary work has already been done at some existing stations. The first section is to be built in the years 2022-2028.
A half-ring was planned from Borovaya station (transition to line 6) - Frusenskaya (line 2) - Baltiskaya (line 1) - Ploshchad Repina ( Площадь Репина ) - Bolshoi prospect (Vasilevsky island) (line 4) - Srednij prospect ( Средний проспект , line 3: Vasileostrovskaya ) - Sportivnaya (line 5) - a further station on Bolschoi brochure on Petrogradskaya island - Botanitscheskaja ( Ботаническая , line 2: Petrogradskaya ) - Sampsonijewskaja ( Сампсониевская , line 1: Vyborgskaya ) - Ploschtschad Kalinina (gepl. line 6) - Poljustrowskaja ( Полюстровская ) - Bolscheochtinskaja ( Большеохтинская ) - Ladozhskaya (line 4) - Irinowskij brochure ( Ириновский проспект ) - brochure Kossygina ( Проспект Косыгина ) - Rschewka ( Ржевка ). The section Srednij Prospect - Sampsonijewskaja should go as early as 2015 during operation according to plans. At the four stations with a connection to the existing lines 1 to 4, however, preliminary work has already been built for the platforms. A total of 17 stations are planned on this line.
Operation of the metro
The metro trains St. Petersburg are from the engineering plant Metrowagonmash , formerly until 1992 Mytischtschinski Maschinostroitelny Sawod in Mytishchi , Moscow Oblast (formerly and St. Petersburg's Yegorov plants LWS Leningradski Wagonostroitelny Zavod , Ленинградский вагоностроительный завод ) produced. Only railcars were used (until the introduction of the new "Neva" railcar type in 2011), non-powered intermediate and control cars did not exist. In 2007 there were 1476 cars, 460 of them with a driver's cab, in five depots (ТЧ-1 Avtowo (1955, line 1), ТЧ-3 Moskovskoye (1972, line 2), ТЧ-4 Severnoye (1979, line 1), ТЧ-5 Newskoje (1986, line 3), ТЧ-6 Vyborgskoje (2000, line 4, but is located on line 2)) and a repair depot (ТЧ-2 Datschnoje (1970)). Two more depots are planned.
Different train lengths and wagon types are used depending on the line:
- Line 1: Eight-car trains of type E (construction period 1963-69), Em or Em-501 (construction period 1967/1969-1980), 81-722 / 723/724 (construction period from 2014)
- Line 2: Six-car trains of types 81-717 / 714 (construction period from 1978) and 81-540 / 541 (construction period from 1997)
- Line 3: Six-car trains of the types Em501, Ema502, Emx503 (all construction period 1969-80), 81-540 / 541, 81-714.5 and 81-556 / 557/558 "Neva" (construction period from 2008)
- Line 4: Type 81-717 / 714 and 81-540 / 541 six-car trains
- Line 5: Type 81-717 / 714 and 81-540 / 541 six-car trains
In January 2011, the Petersburg metro train manufacturer ZAO Wagonmasch presented the new model 81-556 / 557/558 "NeWa" (Russian: НеВа , Czech : NěVa ). These are produced in cooperation with the Czech company Škoda Transportation . From 2011 onwards, a number of previous wagons on line 3 were replaced with this series.
service
Since January 1, 2020, a trip on the metro has cost 55 rubles, the equivalent of about 0.79 EUR. To access the metro system, so-called tokens are sold, which have to be thrown into a slot at a turnstile in front of the escalator. Alternatively, smart cards are offered that can be loaded with 10, 20, 25, 40 or 50 trips. The price of these cards is slightly cheaper than the respective sum of the individual trips. They are valid for between one week and one month, depending on the number of trips purchased. Please note that the card is blocked for ten minutes after it has been used to prevent two people from using the same card at the same time. The cards can be reloaded as often as you like. A deposit must be paid for the card, which will be refunded when the card is returned. One-time payment entitles the user to use the metro, including changing, until leaving the system via the escalator.
The metro runs from around 5:30 a.m. in the morning to around 0:30 a.m. on all lines. During the day, especially in rush hour traffic, the underground trains run about every 90 seconds, in the evening about every three minutes, and in late traffic at least every four minutes. On every platform of every station there is, usually at the end of the platform in the direction of travel, a clock and a second display that shows the time that has elapsed since the departure of the last train. If the cycle time at the given time of day is known, it can be seen when the next train is coming.
Transmitting / receiving devices have been installed at most train stations to enable mobile telephony. However, there is no network in the tunnels, so it is not always possible to make calls while using the subway.
The Volkovskaya station was the first station to be signposted in both Russian and English. In the meantime, almost all stations, at least in the center and some in the outskirts, are signposted in two languages. The web spiders and line graphics are also signposted in Russian and English.
Disasters
In a terrorist attack on April 3, 2017 , a suicide bomber detonated a bomb on a train on Line 2. 15 people were killed and over 50 were injured, some seriously.
Miscellaneous
Until September 2009, photography was prohibited in the metro itself and in the stations of the metro. This regulation has been repealed. For film recordings and (professional) photo recordings with a tripod, approval from the operator is required.
Special chips were issued for collectors on certain anniversaries, for example on the 50 and 55 years of the Metro or the anniversary of the Transport University.
See also
- Saint Petersburg tram
- Saint Petersburg elevated railway
- List of stations on the Saint Petersburg Metro
- Traffic in Saint Petersburg
- List of cities with subways
literature
- Karen Ohlrogge: "Stalin's last cathedrals." The Petersburg Metro as a memory space. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . 27./28. September 2003, p. 55.
- Karen Ohlrogge: "Stalin's last cathedrals." The oldest metro line as a memory space. In: Karl Schlögel, Frithjof Benjamin Schenk , Markus Ackeret (eds.): Saint Petersburg. Locations of a city's history. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2007, pp. 229–242.
- AM Sokolov: Stanzii Leningradskogo Metro. Leningrad 1957.
Web links
- Official operator site (Russian)
- Metro Saint Petersburg at urbanrail.net (English)
- Private, very detailed site about the Petersburg Metro (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ В 2017 году пассажиропоток петербургского метро упал на 1.9%. Retrieved October 4, 2019 (Russian).
- ↑ Information for passengers. Saint Petersburg Metro, accessed October 4, 2019 (in Russian).
- ↑ Website of the Petersburg metro operator , accessed on February 9, 2011.
- ↑ Из Обухова до Ржевки на метро. In: newspaper Утро Петербург. 28/29 January 2008, p. 3.
- ↑ Список вагонов петербургского метрополитена Данные на 04/10/2007 г. (List of the wagons of the Petersburg Metro, as of April 10, 2007).
Yekaterinburg | Kazan | Moscow | Nizhny Novgorod | Novosibirsk | Samara | St. Petersburg
planned / under construction: Krasnoyarsk | Omsk | Chelyabinsk | Ufa