Microhyla mymensinghensis
| Microhyla mymensinghensis | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Microhyla mymensinghensis | ||||||||||||
| Hasan , Islam , Kuramoto , Kurabayashi & Sumida , 2014 |
Microhyla mymensinghensis is a frog from the genus Microhyla in the subfamily real narrow-mouth frogs (Microhylinae) of the family narrow-mouth frogs (Microhylinidae). It was only described in 2014and is common in the Maimansingh and Sylhet divisions of Bangladesh, as well as in a number of northern Indian states.
description
Microhyla mymensinghensis is a small frog with a slender and somewhat elongated body and a head-torso length of 14.2 to 17.6 millimeters in male and 15.2 to 21.3 millimeters in female frogs. The basic color varies from brown to yellowish, the sides are lighter gray and the belly side is creamy white in color, with a brown mottled chest. A dark brown X-shaped drawing on the back and a black drawing in the form of a crescent moon above the anus are characteristic of the species. Head length and head width are in a ratio of about seven to six. The nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes. The tongue is narrow and elliptical, the eardrum is not visible. The interpupillary distance is greater than the distance between the nostrils and the width of the eyelids. The fingers are slender and have no widened tips; there are clearly visible webs between them. The finger formula is 1 <4 <2 <3 and the toe formula 1 <5 <2 <3 <4. The quotient of the length of the tibia and head-trunk length is 0.57. The hind legs are long and strong, about 1.6 times the length of the head and torso.
Microhyla mymensinghensis is very similar to the species Microhyla fissipes and Microhyla mukhlesuri . Compared with these species, it takes the last position in terms of head-trunk length, the first position for the quotient of the length of the tibia and head-trunk length and the last position for the quotient of the length of the hind legs and head-trunk length . While Microhyla mukhlesuri is somewhat larger and has an inverted U-shaped marking above the anus, M. mymensinghensis has a crescent-shaped marking there. It differs from Microhyla heymonsi in its smaller size of 14.2 to 21.3 millimeters compared to 22 to 26 millimeters head-trunk length and the lack of an X-shaped back mark in M. heymonsi . Microhyla ornata lacks the spur on the outer metatarsus.
distribution
The type location is the campus of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ( 24 ° 44 ′ 50 ″ N , 90 ° 24 ′ 24 ″ E ) in Mymensingh . It is located in Maimansingh in the division of the same name , in the far north of Bangladesh , at an altitude of about eighteen meters above sea level.
The distribution area in Bangladesh includes the districts of Maimansingh, Netrokona in the Maimansingh division and Sunamganj and Sylhet in the Sylhet division . In India, the species is distributed across several states in the north, Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Nagaland , Tripura and West Bengal . The northern Indian populations of Microhyla mymensinghensis were previously identified as Microhyla ornata and are the most common frog species in some places.
Way of life
Microhyla mymensinghensis is nocturnal and lives on moist and shady forest floors and on moist meadows with loose soil, often in the shade of large trees. It feeds on small insects . The breeding season is likely to be in June and July. The species lives sympathetically with Microhyla berdmorei at the type site .
The mating calls of the males are pulsating strings of sounds over a period of 450.2 to 477.1 milliseconds, with 19 to 22 individual sounds following each other rapidly at a rate of around 43 sounds per second. The mean dominant frequency is 3.6 kilohertz. Compared to Microhyla fissipes , Microhyla ornata and Microhyla nilphamariensis , M. mymensinghensis has significantly longer calls, compared to M. fissipes with a significantly lower number of sounds per second.
Hazard and protection
The World Conservation Union IUCN has Microhyla mymensinghensis recorded in 2015 in its Red List of Fauna of Bangladesh, but because of the large distribution area and the presumably large number of individuals designated as uncritical (Category LC - Least Concern ). At the time of its inclusion in the Red List, Microhyla mymensinghensis was still seen as a possible endemic to Bangladesh, the actual size of the distribution area was only known later.
Systematics
Microhyla mymensinghensis is one of more than forty species of the genus Microhyla , which are distributed over large parts of Asia from the Ryūkyū Islands in the north through China to India and Sri Lanka in the southwest and Indonesia in the southeast. Within the genus is Microhyla chakrapanii of the Andaman the closest related art. Microhyla and six other genera are the subfamily of the actual mouthed (Microhylinae), which in turn further with about twelve subfamilies of the family mouthed (Microhylidae) belongs. The narrow-mouthed frogs include more than 650 species.
Initial description
In the 25th volume of the Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh in 2009 only the three species Microhyla ornata , Microhyla berdmorei and Microhyla rubra were specified for the genus Microhyla . The molecular genetic study of frogs in Bangladesh by a group of biologists led by the herpetologist Mahmudul Hasan from the University of Hiroshima , published in 2012, led to the finding that, in addition to these three species, there are three cryptic species , two of which are related to the Southeast Asian species around Microhyla fissipes , Microhyla heymonsi and Microhyla okinavensis belong. A clade from the temporary to the origin of the tested individuals Microhyla cf. ornata (Mymensingh, Bangladesh) or Mymensingh haplogroup and Microhyla cf. ornata (Sylhet, Bangladesh) or Sylhet haplogroup groups mentioned as Schwestertaxon was prepared from the clade fissipes Microhyla and Microhyla mukhlesuris detected . It also differs morphologically from these and all other species in the genus. It was first described as Microhyla mymensinghensis in 2014 by five members of the group, including Hasan.
The holotype is an adult female with a head-trunk length of 21.3 millimeters, captured at the type site in June 2012, which is in the collection of the Institute for Amphibian Biology with three male and three female paratypes from the same site and from Golapganj in the Sylhet district Hiroshima University is located. The species name mymensinghensis refers to the city of Maimansingh as a type locality.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Mahmudul Hasan et al .: Description of two new species of Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) from Bangladesh . In: Zootaxa 2014, Volume 3755, No. 5, pp. 401-418, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3755.5.1 .
- ↑ Sonali Garg et al .: Delineating Microhyla ornata (Anura, Microhylidae): mitochondrial DNA barcodes resolve century-old taxonomic misidentification . In: Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2018, Volume 3, No. 2, pp. 856–861, doi: 10.1080 / 23802359.2018.1501286 .
- ↑ a b c Md. Kamrul Hasan: Microhyla mymensinghensis . In: IUCN Bangladesh (ed.): Red List of Bangladesh. Volume 4. Reptiles and Amphibians . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka 2015, ISBN 978-984-34-0737-5 , p. 200 and p. 243.
- ^ A b Sonali Garg et al .: Systematic revision of Microhyla (Microhylidae) frogs of South Asia: a molecular, morphological, and acoustic assessment . In: Vertebrate Zoology 2019, Volume 69, No. 1, pp. 1–71, doi: 10.26049 / VZ69-1-2019-01 .
- ↑ a b Mahmudul Hasan et al .: Cryptic Anuran Biodiversity in Bangladesh Revealed by Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Gene Sequences . In: Zoological Science 2012, Volume 29, No. 3, pp. 162-172, doi: 10.2108 / zsj.29.162 .