Min Nan
Minnan (閩南 語 / 闽南 语Bân-lâm-gú ) | ||
---|---|---|
Spoken in |
People's Republic of China , Taiwan , Malaysia , Indonesia , Singapore , Philippines | |
speaker | 49 million | |
Linguistic classification |
||
Official status | ||
Official language in | Taiwan (de facto) | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
zh (Chinese languages) |
|
ISO 639 -2 | ( B ) chi (Chinese languages) | ( T ) zho (Chinese languages) |
ISO 639-3 |
nan, zho (macro language, Chinese languages) |
Min Nan or Minnan ( Chinese 閩南 語 / 闽南 语 , Pinyin Mǐnnányǔ , Pe̍h-ōe-jī Bân-lâm-gú - "southern Min language") is a language spoken in the southern Chinese province of Fujian and surrounding areas. Hokkien , Taiwanese, and Teochew are prominent variants of Minnan.
classification
Minnan forms a branch of the Min languages along with other groups . These are part of the group of Chinese languages , which are themselves a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family .
As with other languages in the Chinese language family, the official standpoint of the People's Republic of China is that Minnan is a dialect , not a language . However, Minnan's lexical overlap is only 15.1% with standard Chinese, and the languages are mutually incomprehensible. Mutual intelligibility is very poor even between different geographical expressions of Minnan.
Dialects and geographical distribution
Min Nan is spoken in the southern part of Fujian Province, in two southern areas in Zhejiang Province , on the Zhoushan Island group of Ningbo in Zhejiang, and in the eastern part of Guangdong Province and on the Leizhou Peninsula , in Hainan and Taiwan . Important dialect groups are:
- Hokkien , also known as "Quanzhang", "Fukien dialect" or " Amoy dialect" - in the south of Fujian and on Taiwan. The dialect of Taiwan ( Taiwanese ) is referred to there as Tâi-oân-oē or Hō-ló-oē . The ethnic group that Hokkien has as their mother tongue is referred to as Holo (Hō-ló) or Hoklo ; this also forms a large ethnic group in Taiwan.
- Teochew , also known as the "Chaozhou dialect" - in the Chaoshan region (= Chaozhou / Shantou ), Guangdong province
- Qiongwen , also known as the "Hainan dialect" - on Hainan Island. This dialect is incomprehensible to speakers of Hokkien and Teochew and is not always assigned to the Min-Nan group. The dialect of the Leizhou Peninsula is closely related.
Min-Nan speakers who emigrated from Fujian brought the language to many other parts of Southeast Asia. The majority were Hoklo from southern Fujian, who brought the language to Indonesia , Malaysia and Singapore . Many other Southeast Asians of Chinese origin come from the Chaoshan region and speak Teochew. There are reports that Min Nan is the mother tongue of up to 98.5% of the Chinese of the Philippines ; among these it is called Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("language of our people").
Official status
In Taiwan, since the abolition of martial law in 1987 and subsequent liberalization, Minnan's status in public life has been upgraded, and Minnan is used in broadcasting etc. (see Taiwanese language ).
There are also radio and television broadcasts in Minnan in mainland China.
Phonetics and Phonology
Minnan is a tonal language with a strong tonal sandhi . The following sections give initials and finals of the syllables of Min Nan. The examples are two-syllable words with the component in question highlighted in red.
Initial sounds
IPA | p | b | pʰ | m | t | tʰ | n | ŋ | l | k | G | kʰ | H | tɕ | ʑ | tɕʰ | ɕ | ʦ | ʣ | ʦʰ | s |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | p | b | ph | m | t | th | n | nng | l | k | G | kh | H | chi | ji | chhi | si | ch | j | chh | s |
Revised TLPA | p | b | ph | m | t | th | n | nng | l | k | G | kh | H | zi | ji | ci | si | z | j | c | s |
TLPA | p | b | ph | m | t | th | n | nng | l | k | G | kh | H | zi | ji | ci | si | z | j | c | s |
Pumindian (普 闽 典) | b | bb | p | m | d | t | n | l | G | gg | k | H | zi | left | ci | si | z | l | c | s | |
zhuyin | ㄅ | ㆠ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄉ | ㄊ | ㄋ | ㄋ ㆭ | ㄌ | ㄍ | ㆣ | ㄎ | ㄏ | ㄐ | ㆢ | ㄑ | ㄒ | ㄗ | ㆡ | ㄘ | ㄙ |
Example ( traditional character ) |
報 紙 |
閩 南 |
普 通 |
請 問 |
豬 肉 |
普 通 |
過 年 |
雞 卵 |
樂 觀 |
價 值 |
牛 奶 |
客 廳 |
煩 惱 |
支 持 |
漢 字 |
支 持 |
是 否 |
報 紙 |
熱 天 |
參 加 |
司 法 |
Example ( abbreviation ) |
报 纸 |
闽 南 |
普 通 |
请 问 |
猪 肉 |
普 通 |
过 年 |
鸡 卵 |
乐 观 |
价 值 |
牛 奶 |
客 厅 |
烦 恼 |
支 持 |
汉 字 |
支 持 |
是 否 |
报 纸 |
热 天 |
参 加 |
司 法 |
Finals
IPA | a | ap | at | ak | a ʔ | ã | ɔ | ɔk | ɔ̃ | ə | O | e | ẽ | i | ɪ ɛ n | iəŋ |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | ap | at | ak | Ah | aⁿ | O• | OK | oⁿ | O | O | e | eⁿ | i | ian | closely |
Revised TLPA | a | ap | at | ak | Ah | on | oo | OK | ooN | O | O | e | eN | i | ian | ing |
TLPA | a | ap | at | ak | Ah | ann | oo | OK | oonn | O | O | e | enn | i | ian | ing |
Pumindian (普 闽 典) | a | ap | at | ak | Ah | n / A | oo | OK | noo | O | O | e | no | i | ien | ing |
zhuyin | ㄚ | ㄚ ㆴ | ㄚ ㆵ | ㄚ ㆶ | ㄚ ㆷ | ㆩ | ㆦ | ㆦ ㆶ | ㆧ | ㄜ | ㄛ | ㆤ | ㆥ | ㄧ | ㄧ ㄢ | ㄧ ㄥ |
Example ( traditional character ) |
亞 洲 |
壓 力 |
警 察 |
沃 水 |
牛 肉 |
三 十 |
烏 色 |
中 國 |
澳 洲 |
澳 洲 |
下 晡 |
醫 學 |
鉛 筆 |
英 國 |
||
Example ( abbreviation ) |
亚 洲 |
压 力 |
警 察 |
沃 水 |
牛 肉 |
三 十 |
烏 色 |
中 国 |
澳 洲 |
澳 洲 |
下 晡 |
医 学 |
铅 笔 |
英 国 |
IPA | ɪ k | ĩ | ai | aĩ | ouch | at the | ɔm | ṃ | ɔŋ | ŋ̩ | u | among others | ue | uai | uan | ɨ | ũ |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | ek | iⁿ | ai | aiⁿ | ouch | at the | om | m | ong | ng | u | oa | oe | oai | oan | i | uⁿ |
Revised TLPA | ik | in | ai | aiN | ouch | at the | om | m | ong | ng | u | among others | ue | uai | uan | ir | U.N |
TLPA | ik | inn | ai | ainn | ouch | at the | om | m | ong | ng | u | among others | ue | uai | uan | ir | unn |
Pumindian (普 闽 典) | ik | ni | ai | nai | ouch | at the | om | m | ong | ggn | u | among others | ue | uai | uan | i | nu |
zhuyin | ㄧ ㆶ | ㆪ | ㄞ | ㆮ | ㆯ | ㆰ | ㆱ | ㆬ | ㆲ | ㆭ | ㄨ | ㄨ ㄚ | ㄨ ㆤ | ㄨ ㄞ | ㄨ ㄢ | ㆨ | ㆫ |
Example ( traditional character ) | 翻 譯 |
病 院 |
愛 情 |
歐 洲 |
暗 時 |
阿 姆 |
王 梨 |
黃 色 |
有 無 |
歌 曲 |
講 話 |
奇 怪 |
人 員 |
||||
Example ( abbreviation ) | 翻 译 |
病 院 |
爱 情 |
欧 洲 |
暗 时 |
阿 姆 |
王 梨 |
黄 色 |
有 无 |
歌 曲 |
讲 话 |
奇 怪 |
人 员 |
Sounds
IPA | a˥˥ | a˥˧ | a˨˩ | ap˩˩ at˩˩ ak˩˩ aʔ˩˩ |
a˧˥ | a˥˧ | a˧˧ | ap˥˥ at˥˥ ak˥˥ aʔ˥˥ |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ap at ak ah |
â | á | - | a̍p a̍t a̍k a̍h |
Revised TLPA TLPA |
a1 | a2 | a3 | ap4 at4 ak4 ah4 |
a5 | a2 (6 = 2) | a7 | ap8 at8 ak8 ah8 |
Pumindian (普 闽 典) | - | ă | à | āp āt āk āh |
á | ă | â | áp át ák áh |
zhuyin | ㄚ | ㄚ ˋ | ㄚ ᒻ | ㄚ ㆴ ㄚ ㆵ ㄚ ㆶ ㄚ ㆷ |
ㄚ ˊ | ㄚ ˋ | ㄚ ⊦ | ㄚ ㆴ ̇ ㄚ ㆵ ̇ ㄚ ㆶ ̇ ㄚ ㆷ ̇ |
Example ( traditional character ) | 公司 | 報紙 | 興趣 | 血壓 警察 中國 牛肉 |
人員 | 草地 | 配合 法律 文學 歇熱 |
|
Example ( abbreviation ) | 公司 | 报纸 | 兴趣 | 血压 警察 中国 牛肉 |
人员 | 草地 | 配合 法律 文学 歇热 |
font
Minnan is typically notated by speakers of Chinese origin in Chinese characters , as used in standard Chinese. There are also a number of special characters that are only used for Minnan, as is common in Cantonese, for example. Not infrequently, characters for other words with a similar meaning or pronunciation are used for a word without a traditional character.
Like other Chinese languages, Minnan can also be written in Latin letters. This Latin spelling is called Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ " vernacular writing "). POJ was developed by Presbyterian missionaries and later by the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; the use of this notation was encouraged since the late 19th century. There are also other Latin transcriptions and mixed notations that use Chinese characters and Latin letters.
Early writings in Minnan date from the 16th century. One example is the “Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china”, probably written in 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is the “Romance of the Lychee Mirror” ( 荔 鏡 記 / 荔 镜 记 ) from 1566, probably the earliest surviving Minnan text.
Coding for electronic data processing
The language code for Minnan was zh-min-nan
registered in 2001 and replaced by nan
in 2009 .
One difficulty is that the character set is not immutable. As in many Sino-Tibetan languages, some authors see existing characters as insufficient for certain expressions and create new characters for these expressions. Naturally, these are not included in Unicode or the ISO / IEC 10646: Universal Coded Character Set .
All letters necessary for Pe̍h-oē-jī are in Unicode , using [precomposed] or [diacritics]. Until June 2004 the vowel was missing similarly, but more openly than an o, denoted by a dot above right: ȯ . This was circumvented by adding a • (U + 00B7, middle dot ) as an independent character, less often with ̇ (U + 0307, dot above ). This vowel now officially has the coding U + 0358.
Web links
- Min Nan in ethnologue.com
- 台 語 - 華語 線 頂 辭典 , Taiwanese-Mandarin online dictionary
- 臺灣 本土 語言 互譯 及 語音 合成 系統 , Taiwanese-Hakka-Mandarin online conversion
- 臺灣 閩南 語 常用 詞 辭典 , Taiwanese dictionary
literature
- Li Rong (李荣): 现代 汉语 方言 大 词典: 厦门 方言 词典 ("Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. Dictionary of Xiamen Dialect"). Jiangsu jiaoyu chubanshe, Nanjing 1999.
- Li Rulong (李如龙): 闽南 方言 语法 研究 ("Studies on the grammar of the Min Nan dialects"). Fujian Renmin Chubanshe, Fuzhou 2007, ISBN 978-7-211-05423-7 .
- Nicholas Bodman: Spoken Amoy Hokkien. Government of Federation of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 1955-1958.
- Yuan Jiahua (袁家 骅): 汉语 方言 概要 ("Outline of the Chinese dialects"). Wenzi gaige chubanshe, Beijing 1960.
Individual evidence
- ^ Chinese, Min Nan. ethnologue.com, accessed November 15, 2017 .
- ↑ zh-min-nan on iana.org.
- ↑ language-subtag-registry on iana.org.
- ↑ Draft of Proposal to add Latin characters required by Latinized Taiwanese Holo languages to ISO / ICE 10646 ( English ) Department of Language Education of National Taitung Teachers College. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
- ↑ Proposal to add COMBINING RIGHT DOT ABOVE as required by Taiwanese Holo language Romanization to ISO / IEC 10646 ( English ) TCA. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
- ↑ Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO / IEC 10646 ( English , PDF) dkuug.dk. March 20, 2004. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
- ↑ Proposal to add Latin characters required by Latinized Taiwanese languages to ISO / IEC 10646 ( English ) Te Khai-su, Taiwan Protocol. June 26, 1997. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
- ↑ Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO / IEC 10646 ( English , DOC) TCA. Retrieved September 10, 2019.