Monimia plants
| Monimia plants | ||||||||||||
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Boldo ( Peumus boldus ), illustration |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Monimiaceae | ||||||||||||
| Yuss. |
The monimiaceae (Monimiaceae) are a family of plants in the order of laurel-like (Laurales). Some species (for example Hedycarya and Peumus ) are ornamental plants , Peumus provides leaves and edible fruits, and wood is used by many other species .
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are evergreen , woody plants: either shrubs , small trees or lianas . There is a superficial cork cambium . Many species are resinous. The twigs are often flattened below the somewhat swollen nodes.
The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leathery leaf blade is simple. The leaf margins are usually serrated with widely spaced teeth. There is pinnate and net vein; on the underside of the leaf, the conspicuous leaf veins are raised, they unite near the leaf edge. The stomata are usually paracytic. The leaves often contain essential oils , so they are fragrant. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are solitary or in zymose inflorescences . The mostly hermaphroditic flowers are either spiral or whorled and have radial symmetry. If the flowers are unisexual, then the species can be monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The 3 to 50 bracts are either clearly divided into sepals and petals or they gradually change from the sepal-like to the petals -like. Usually there are many (10 to 150) stamens that are free to each other and not fused with the bloom. There is rarely only one carpel, but mostly three to a hundred free upper or semi-lower carpels are present. Each carpel contains an ovule in apical placentation. All-female flowers can contain staminodes. Overall, the flowers show relatively original features.
There is a well-developed, fleshy flower cup (hypanthium) and / or a conspicuous flower axis (receptaculum), of which the solitary stone fruit is often enveloped and jumps up irregularly when ripe. The seeds have an oily endosperm and a straight, chlorophyll-free embryo.
Distribution and systematics
Their distribution is tropical with a focus from eastern Australia to Southeast Asia . Fossil discoveries that are expected to Monimiaceae there from Campan (Campanian) of the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica . Malesia is the center of diversity with ten genera and around 84 species. There are seven genera with species in New Guinea . In Australia there are eight genera with around 26 species. In the Neotropic there are five to six genera with about 30 species. In Madagascar and the Mascarene there are three genera with around 63 species. In New Caledonia there are two genera with around ten species. In tropical Africa there is only the monotypical genus Xymalos , while only the monotypical genus Monimia occurs in Réunion and Mauritius .
The Monimiaceae family was first published in 1809 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Annales du muséum national d'histoire naturelle , 14, p. 133. The type genus is Monimia Thouars . A synonym for Monimiaceae Juss. is Hortoniaceae ACSm.
The former monotypical genus Kairoa now contains three species, with the previous monotypical genus Faika becoming a synonym (Renner & Takeuchi 2009). The Monimiaceae family includes 22 to 30 genera with around 200 species:
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Austromatthaea L.S.Sm. : It contains only one type:
- Austromatthaea elegans L.S.Sm. : It is common in Australia .
- Decarydendron Danguy : The three to four species only occur in Madagascar .
- Ephippiandra Decne. (Syn .: Hedycaryopsis Danguy ): The eight or so species only occur in Madagascar.
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Grazielanthus Peixoto & Per.-Moura : It contains only one species:
- Grazielanthus arkeocarpus Peixoto & Per.-Moura : The home is the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest.
- Hedycarya J.R. Forst . & G.Forst. (Syn .: Carnegiea Perkins , Carnegieodoxa Perkins ): The elevenor sospecies occur mainly in New Caledonia , but also from New Zealand to Australia to the Fiji Islands. Some species are ornamental plants in the tropics.
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Hennecartia J. Poiss. : It contains only one type:
- Hennecartia omphalandra J. Poiss. : It is widespread in the Neotropics.
- Hortonia Wight ex Arn. : Only one or two species occur in Sri Lanka .
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Kairoa Philipson : The home is New Guinea . Since Renner & Takeuchi 2009 with three types:
- Kairoa endressiana W.N.Takeuchi & SSRenner : This species, newly described in 2009, is only of the type location ("upper Strickland basin", 05 ° 17.260′S, 142 ° 29.995′E, at an altitude of 1140 meters in the tropical karst in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea ) known.
- Kairoa suberosa Philipson
- Kairoa villosa (Kaneh. & Hatus.) SSRenner & WNTakeuchi (Syn .: Faika villosa (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Philipson ):
- Kibara Endl. : The 36 to 45 species are common in Australasia .
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Kibaropsis Vieill. ex Jérémie : It contains only one species:
- Kibaropsis caledonica (Guillaumin) Jérémie : It occurs in New Caledonia .
- Lauterbachia Perkins : The only two species occur in New Guinea.
- Levieria Becc. : The approximately nine species are distributed in the Australian state of Queensland and from New Guinea to Sulawesi .
- Macropeplus Perkins : The four or so species thrive in the mountain ranges of Brazil.
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Macrotorus Perkins : It contains only one species:
- Macrotorus utriculatus Perkins : It only thrives in the Brazilian Mata Atlântica .
- Matthaea flower : The approximately 14 species are common in Malesia .
- Mollinedia Ruiz & Pav .: The approximately 70 to 90 species are common in the Neotropic .
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Monimia Thouars : It contains only three species:
- Monimia amplexicaulis Lorence : It only occurs on Réunion .
- Palmeria F. Muell. : Up to 15 species are common in New Guinea and Australia.
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Parakibara Philipson : It contains only one species:
- Parakibara clavigera Philipson : It only occurs in the Moluccas .
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Peumus Molina (Syn .: Boldea Juss. ): It contains only one species:
- Boldo ( Peumus boldus Molina ): It comes from Chile. It has edible fruits and its leaves are used for medicinal purposes or as tea. It is also an ornamental plant in the tropics.
- Steganthera Perkins (Syn .: Anthobembix Perkins ): The up to 16 species from eastern Malesia to the Solomon Islands and tropical Australia.
- Tambourissa Sun. (Syn .: Ambora Juss. , Phanerogonocarpus Cavaco , Schrameckia Danguy ): The approximately 45 species are distributed in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands .
- Tetrasynandra Perkins : Up to three types are common in Australia.
- Wilkiea F. Muell. : Of the roughly six species, about five are distributed in Australia and one in New Guinea.
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Xymalos Baill. (Syn .: Paxiodendron Engl. ): It contains only one species:
- Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. : It is distributed from tropical to southern Africa.
Ingredients and usage
Some types are used for the extraction of essential oils for pharmaceutical or perfume production . The leaves of Boldo ( Peumus boldo ) are also used as a medicine or as a tea, the bark is also used for tanning.
swell
- The family of Monimiaceae in APWebsite. (Sections Description and Systematics)
- The Monimiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
- Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg & Christophe Thébaud: Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana. In: Journal of Biogeography , Volume 37, Issue 7, 2010, pp. 1227-1238: doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2010.02319.x
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Susanne S. Renner & Wayne N. Takeuchi: A Phylogeny and Revised Circumscription for Kairoa (Monimiaceae), with the Description of a New Species from Papua New Guinea , in: Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 14, Issue 1, 2009 , Pp. 71-81: doi : 10.3100 / 025.014.0111
- ^ A b Monimiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ Ariane Luna Peixoto & Maria Verônica Leite Pereira-Moura: A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic Coastal Forest in South-Eastern Brazil. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 63, Number 1, 2008, pp. 137-141.
