Morning hammer

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Morning hammer
Morning bunting (Zonotrichia capensis)

Morning bunting ( Zonotrichia capensis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Zonotrichia
Type : Morning hammer
Scientific name
Zonotrichia capensis
( Statius Müller , 1776)

The morning hammer ( Zonotrichia capensis ) is a species from the family of the New World chambers . In German it is also known as the rust bunting or Braunnacken-Ammer . It occurs in 29 subspecies in large parts of South America .

description

The animals are between 15 and 18 cm long and weigh about 18 g. Adult morning worms have a black crown with a narrow gray central stripe; the feathers often form a small hood on the top of the head . These hood feathers are about 9 mm long and the same in females and males. The iris is red-brown, the legs are flesh-colored. Like the beak , they are relatively large in relation to the rest of the body. The average beak length is about 13.2 mm. In general, the morning chambers of arid areas are lighter than those that live in humid areas.

Morning bunting ( Zonotrichia capensis ) in Baños del Inca (Cajamarca)

The eye stripe is black. The ear spot is black with a large gray spot in the middle. All subspecies of the morning hammer have a fox-red collar. The top is warm olive-brown with strong black stripes on the back and shoulders. Towards the bottom the color becomes brown and turns gray. The tail is also black-brown, in the southern population it is a little gray. Throat and front sides of the neck are white, the chest shows a narrow black band interrupted in the middle. There are large, fox-red spots on either side of the chest. The underside is washed out and whitish.

The wings are black-brown. The shape and size of the wings varies between rounded, short wings and long, pointed wings. In general, the wings of the southern populations are larger than those of the northerly native individuals. Yellow stripes are almost always found on the arch or edge of the wings.

Youth dress

In juvenile birds, the second plumage after hatching , the upper side is brown, less olive and less reddish than that of adults. The gray center of the ear spot is not yet developed. The hood is striped brown with a black center line and is shorter than that of the adults, the ruff is missing. At the bottom there are black stripes on the neck, chest and flanks. The wings are browner, the tips of the wings are less white and the feathers are even less firm than in adults. The size of the wings and the tail already resembles the adults. The young birds wear this youth dress for a few weeks. This is followed by the postjuvenal moult, in which all body feathers, but not the wing-coverts and the tail feathers, are replaced. In their first winter plumage, the young birds are very similar to the adults.

singing

The male has a very variable song . Usually the singing consists of a series of clear whistles , followed by a trill or choppy, stuttering sounds.

When examining the vocal structure of different populations of morning bammers in Brazil, it was found that they are very simple modulations of just a few tones . The song of the morning hammers living in Brazil is very similar to that of Argentina. However, regional dialects exist between the populations. There are individuals who have mastered two types of singing.

Distribution area and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the morning hammer

The morning hammer is the only species of the genus Zonotrichia that is widespread in South America . It occurs throughout South America, with the exception of the Orinoco and Amazon Delta, and is found in the Andes at altitudes from 1,000 to 3,700 m, in Chile it is found in desert-like areas and in the temperate rainforest from 0 m to 3600 m.

nutrition

The species is omnivorous ; it feeds mainly on seeds, grasses and herbs, but also on fallen grains and insects. The food composition depends on the seasonal and regional availability of the various food components. Accordingly, they have a high-protein eating period, in which many insects are eaten, and a low-protein, plant-based diet. The kidneys are enlarged ( hypertrophy ) during the high protein diet .

Reproduction

Morgenammer live in a monogamous breeding season partnership. Fresh clutches of the tropical subspecies can be found in every season; the breeding peaks are at the times of the two solstices . The two annual dry seasons usually cause the females to moult and end the laying period. On the other hand, the males have two four-month breeding seasons a year, each followed by a two-month full moult. The juveniles usually reach sexual maturity between five and eight months of age. The nest is on the ground or no more than 60 cm from the ground in rubble, bushes or very low trees. It is a compact bowl made of blades of grass, which is padded inside with fine grass or hair. The clutch consists of three to four eggs with intensely brown speckles on a pale greenish-blue background. The morning bunting populations living in semi-arid areas are less productive than those living in rainforests .

The tropical subspecies of the morning hammer breed every month of the year, but mainly at the times of the two solstices . The two annual dry seasons usually cause the females to moult and end the laying period. On the other hand, the males have two four-month breeding seasons a year, each followed by a two-month full moult. The juveniles usually reach sexual maturity between five and eight months of age.

Black cowbird (female) - an interspecific brood parasite of the morning hammer

Bright cowbird ( Molothrus bonariensis ) from the genus of cowbird ( Molothrus ) are interspecific brood parasites of the morning hammer, the host bird's nest is not selected according to the body size of the host bird, but according to the properties of the nest construction.

Behavioral Physiology

In one study, it was shown that within the same subspecies, urban morning ventricles have lower body weights, higher blood sugar levels, and fewer lymphocytes than those living outside of cities.

The morning hammer is the only species of the genus that breeds in tropical areas. It shows great differences in stress response, sexual dimorphism, and seasonal changes from the North American species. The corticosterone level is seasonally modulated and is higher during the brood than during the moult. In contrast to the types of temperate climates, there are no gender differences in the secretion of corticosterones. In contrast to the other species , seasonal differences in Z. capensis also seem to be independent of the photoperiod .

ecology

Morning hammer on the Roraima tepui

In studies of the temporal changes in the guild structure of certain collections in the central Montes desert of Argentina, seasonal differences in the resource use of the resident birds were searched. It has been described that in this area Z. capensis forms a guild with the Braunsteißdiuca ( Diuca diuca ). Under the given conditions, the two species are primarily soil and leaf users. No notable seasonal change in their food substrates could be shown, the guild preferred the lower parts of the vegetation during and outside of the breeding season .

Interspecific variability in terms of their energy production and the water content of their bodies was investigated in morning chambers living in Chile . The population living in the southern, wetter areas shows a higher basal metabolic rate than the population living in the more northerly, semi-arid areas. Morphologically different properties of the nasal passage play a role in reducing evaporation in the population living in semi-arid areas.

evolution

In South America the archetypal forms of the morning hammer were native to before the Tertiary , at least 70 million years ago.

James Bond claims that Z. capensis originated in southern America; he doubts Frank Michler Chapman's hypothesis that Z. capensis spread from north to south. His argument is that if Chapman's theory were correct, one would expect that the Caribbean and Central American Zonotrichia species would differ more and more species would be expected in North America. But this is not the case. Chapman believed there was a postglacial southward expansion that lasted between 25,000 and 30,000 years. Bond objects that the existing geographic variation that can be seen in the South American range areas today is unlikely to develop in such a short period of time. Even Alexander Wetmore claims that after the end of Terziärs only slight differences in color and size could arise.

Species emergence within the genera Zonotrichia and Melospiza probably happened in the Pleistocene , about 140,000 years ago.

Genetic evidence of the evolution of the morning hammer

The species of the Ammern family (Emberizidae) show the phenomenon of chromosomal reorganizations ( translocations ). This probably played an essential role in the evolution within the family.

Chromosomal polymorphisms caused by periocentric inversions were shown in Z. albicollis (Chr.2 and Chr. 3 ) and Z. capensis (Chr. 3 and Chr. 5). Intraspecific and intrapopulation chromosome reorganizations probably explain the continuity of the processes of specialization.

Systematics

External system

The genus Zonotrichia currently consists of five species. The two species Z. leucophrys and Z. articapilla are sister species . This is followed by relatives: Z. querula , Z. albicollis and Z. capensis . The morning hammer occupies a special position, it is the furthest removed from the other species and was placed in the monotypical genus Brachyspiza by Robert Ridgway in 1929 . Chapman put the species back in the genus Zonotrichia in 1940 . He justifies this mainly with the very similar head patterns to Z. albicollis and many other morphological similarities. Further research confirmed that Zonotrichia is monophyletic with the morning hammer . The relationship is shown in the following cladogram .

 Zonotrichia  

 Z. capensis


  NN  

 Z. albicollis


  NN  

 Z. querula


  NN  

 Z. leucophrys


   

 Z. articapilla






Internal system

So far, 29 subspecies have been described, which differ in color or song . In general, the further south the subspecies is native to South America, the grayer the head and the less striped the plumage, while the subspecies in the north of South America, especially in Venezuela , are generally darker.

Subspecies of the morning hammer ( Zonotrichia capensis ) with description and their respective distribution area0
Z. c. antillarum ( Riley , 1916) Similar to Z. c. septentrionalis and Z. c. costaricensis but the wing bands are weaker in yellow, the black chest band is closed. Prefers higher mountains Dominican Republic (Cordillera Central)
Z. c. antofagastae ( Chapman , 1940) Similar to Z. c. pulacayensis but smaller and mostly lighter overall Tarapacá and Antofagasta (Northern Chile)
Z. c. arenalensis ( Nores , 1986) Argentine Andes, breeds in Argentina
Z. c. australis ( Latham , 1790) Similar to Z. c. pulacayensis but smaller and mostly lighter overall Migratory bird registered in southern Chile breeds in Argentina as far as Cape Horn, and spends the winter in Bolivia
Z. c. bonnetiana ( Stiles , 1995) South Colombia (Caquetá)
Z. c. capensis ( Statius Muller , 1776) Similar to Z. c. venezuelae , but the hood and neck are less black. Also shows resemblance to Z. c. subtorguata , but the wing bands are white French Guiana (south of the Oyapock River) and in Amapá (Brazil)
Z. c. carabayae ( Chapman , 1940) Similar to Z. c. pulacayensis , but much darker, the black stripes of the hood and the dorsal lines are wider. Also similar to Z. c. peruviensis and Z. c. huancabambae , but the chest is grayer and more striped below Eating in Peru (Junin) to western Bolvi, breeds in Peru
Z. c. chilensis ( Meyen , 1834) Very similar to Z. c. choraules , but generally darker and more striped below; The hood and chest are grayer. The subspecies is also similar to Z. c. sanborni , but it is smaller Chile (Atacama to Islas Guaitecas) and Argentina, breeds in Argentina and Chile
Z. c. choraules ( Weltmore & Peters , 1922) Similar to Z. c. chilensis , but the hood is lighter gray and the stripes of the hood are narrower Western Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquén and Rio Negro)
Z. c. costaricensis ( Allen, JA , 1891) Most closely resembles Z. c. septentrionalis , but smaller. It also shows similarities with Z. c. peruviensis, but is also smaller and yellow wing bands are missing Migratory bird , in the mountains from Costa Rica to Panama, Andes from Colombia to Ecuador and western Venezuela, breeds in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, and spent the winter in Costa Rica
Z. c. huancabambae ( Chapman , 1940) Body size similar to Z. c. costaricensis , but beak longer and generally lighter. Less than Z. c. peruviensis and the plumage is less striped endemic species in Peru (Piura, Cajamarca, Amazonas, San Martin and Junin)
Z. c. hypoleuca ( Todd , 1915) Similar to Z. c. pulacayensis , but is smaller and less striped. Also similar to Z. c. subtorguata , but here the wing bands are not yellow, overall lighter Eastern and Southern Bolivia and Argentina
Z. c. illescasensis ( Koepcke , 1963) Northern Peru (Cerro Illescas in Piura)
Z. c. inaccessibilis ( Phelps & Phelps, Jr , 1955) Tepuis in southern Venezuela (Cerro de la Neblina)
Z. c. insularis ( Ridgway , 1898) Brightest subspecies Netherlands Antilles (Curacao and Aruba)
Z. c. macconelli ( Sharpe , 1900) Darkest subspecies, the hood is also blacker than all other subspecies. Similar to Z. c. roraimae , but is larger and darker Tepuis in Venezuela (Mt. Roraima), breeds in Venezuela
Z. c. markli ( Koepcke , 1971) North coast of Peru
Z. c. matutina ( Lichtenstein, MHK , 1823) Similar to Z. c. capensis , but generally lighter, the hood is wider and the black stripes are narrower Brazil (Maranhao to Bahia and Mato Grosso) and Bolivia, breeds in Brazil
Z. c. mellea ( Wetmore , 1922) Is Z. c. similar to hypoleuca , but generally grayer Central Paraguay and Central Argentina (Formosa)
Z. c. novaesi ( Oren , 1985) Brazil (Pará)
Z. c. perezchinchillorum ( WH Phelps Jr. & Aveledo , 1984) Tepuis in Venezuela (Amazon)
Z. c. peruviensis ( Lesson , 1834) Greater than Z. c. huancabambae and smaller of the Z. c. pulacayensis . The breast is whiter than in Z. c. huancabambae and the plumage is overall grayer than that of Z. c. pulacayensis Peru and the Andes (La Libertad and Tacna)
Z. c. pulacayensis ( Ménégaux , 1909) Is predominantly yellow-brown, the yellow wing bands are missing Andes in Peru (Junin), Bolivia and Argentina, breeds in Argentina
Z. c. roraimae ( Chapman , 1929) Black stripes of the hood broad, beak longer than other subspecies. Similar to Z. c. macconelli , but smaller and less dark Southern Colombia (Meta) to Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil, breeds in Venezuela
Z. c. sanborni ( Hellmayr , 1932) Similar to Z. c. chilensis , but bigger and lighter Chilean Andes (Coquimbo, Aconcagua) and Argentina (San Juan)
Z. c. septentrionalis ( Griscom , 1930) Similar in color to Z. c. costaricensis Highlands in Mexico (Chiapas) to Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador
Z. c. subtorguata ( Swainson , 1837) Plumage often with an olive hue Brazil (Epirito Santo) to Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, breeds in Brazil and Argentina
Z. c. tocantinsi ( Chapman , 1940) Similar to Z. c. capensis but less black on the neck Brazil (southern Amazon)
Z. c. venezuelae ( Chapman , 1939) Similar to Z. c. capensis but more black on the neck Venezuela

There are also the two taxa Zonotrichia capensis orestera (Wetmore, 1951) and Zonotrichia capensis mellea (Wetmore, 1922), but these are generally considered invalid.

Danger

The classification according to IUCN from 2007

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) assesses the morning hammer with all subspecies on its Red List as "not endangered" ( least concern ).

Global climate change also affects local weather, such as temperature and rainfall, in the area of ​​distribution of the morning hammer. These changes are reflected in the song, which is important for the reproduction and territorial behavior of these birds. The morning hammer just sing at the wrong time. This can lead to significant disruption in populations.

literature

  • JF Clements: The Clements checklist of birds of the world . 6th edition. Cornell University Press , Ithaca 2007, ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9 .
  • HCB Grzimek et al .: Birds (=  Grzimeks Tierleben. Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom . Volume 9 ). tape 3 . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-463-16909-6 .
  • FM Chapman: The post-glacial history of Zonotrichia capensis . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 77 . New York 1940, p. 1–15 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 22.7 MB ]).
  • Araya M. Braulio, Millie H. Guillermo: Guia De Campo De las aves de Chile . 9th edition. Editorial Universitaria , Santiago de Chile 2005, ISBN 956-11-1764-9 (first edition: 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Márcio F. Avelino, Jacques ME Vielliard: Comparative analysis of the song of the Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Emberizidae) between Campinas and Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil . In: Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências . tape 76 , no. 2 , June 2004, p. 345-349 , doi : 10.1590 / S0001-37652004000200023 .
  2. ↑ Stephen C. Lougheed, P. Handford: Vocal Dialects and the Structure of Geographic Variation in Morphological and Allozymic Characters in the Rufous-Collared Sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis . In: evolution . tape 46 , no. 5 , October 1992, p. 1443-1456 , doi : 10.2307 / 2409948 .
  3. ↑ a b J. L. de Casenave, VR Cueto, L. Marone: Seasonal dynamics of guild structure in bird assemblage of the central Monte desert . In: Basic and Applied Ecology . tape 9 , 2008, p. 78-90 ( bio.puc.cl [PDF; 342 kB ] full text).
  4. ↑ Pablo Sabat, Esteban Sepúlveda-Kattan, Karin Maldonado: Physiological and biochemical responses to dietary protein in the omnivore passerine Zonotrichia capensis (Emberizidae) . In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology . 2004, p. 391-396 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cbpb.2003.10.021 .
  5. ^ A b P. Sabat, G. Cavieres, C. Vesolo, M. Canals: Water and energy economy of an omnivorous bird: Population differences in the Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) . In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology . tape 144 , no. 4 , 2006, p. 485-490 , PMID 16750645 .
  6. ↑ B. Mahler, VA Conifalonieri, IJ Lovette, JC Reboreda: Partial host fidelity in nest selection by the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), a highly generalist brood avian parasite . In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology . tape 20 , no. 5 , 2007, p. 1918-1923 , PMID 17714308 .
  7. ^ G. Ruiz, M. Rosenmann, FF Novoa, P. Sabat: Hematological parameters and stress index in rufous-collared sparrows dwelling in urban environments . In: The Condor . tape 104 , no. 1 , 2002, p. 162-166 , JSTOR : 1370351 (abstract).
  8. ↑ Haruka Wada, Ignacio T. Moore, Creagh W. Breuner, John C. Wingfield: Stress Responses in Tropical Sparrows: Comparing Tropical and Temperate Zonotrichia . In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology . tape 79 , no. 4 , 2006, p. 784-792 , doi : 10.1086 / 505509 .
  9. ↑ LC Chaley: La Biogeografia desde mi punto de vista . In: Atas del Congres. Latinoamericano de Zoologia . tape 1 , xvi. Caracas 1983.
  10. ↑ James Bond: Origin of the Bird Fauna of the West Indies . In: The Wilson Bulletin . tape 60 , no. 4 , December 1948, p. 207-229 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF]).
  11. ^ A b Frank Michler Chapman: The post-glacial history of Zonotrichia capensis . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 77 . New York 1940, p. 1–15 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 22.7 MB ]).
  12. ^ Alexander Wetmore: Development of our knowledge of fossil birds . In: FM Chapman, TS Palmer (Eds.): Fifty years progress of American ornithology, 1883-1933 . American Ornithologists' Union , Lancester 1933, pp. 231-239 .
  13. ^ Robert M. Zink: Patterns of genic and morphologic variation among sparrows in the genera Zonotrichia, Melospiza, Junco, and Passerella . In: The Auk . tape 99 , no. 4 , October 1982, p. 632-649 , JSTOR : 4086168 (abstract).
  14. ^ GT Rocha, EJ De Lucca, EB De Souza: Chromosome polymorphism due to pericentric inversion in Zonotrichia capensis (Emberizidae-Passeriformes-Aves) . In: Genetica . tape 80 , no. 3 , March 1990, p. 201-207 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00137327 .
  15. ^ Robert Ridgway: Descriptions of Supposed New Genera, Species and Subspecies of American Birds. I. Fringillidae . In: The Auk . tape 15 , no. 3 , July 1898, p. 223-230 , JSTOR : 4068377 (abstract).
  16. ↑ Michael A. Patten, Michael Fugate: Systematic Relationships among the Emberizid Sparrows . In: The Auk . tape 115 , no. 2 , April 1998, pp. 412-424 , JSTOR : 4089200 (abstract).
  17. ↑ Michael J. Braun, Mark B. Robins et al .: New Birds for Guyana from Mts Roraima and Ayanganna . In: British Ornithologists' Club . tape 123 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 24–34 ( full text (PDF file; 531 kB)).
  18. ^ Ignacio T. Moore, John C. Wingfield, Eliot A. Brenowitz: Plasticity of the Avian Song Control System in Response to Localized Environmental Cues in an Equatorial Songbird . In: The Journal of Neuroscience . tape 24 , no. 45 , November 10, 2004, p. 10182-10185 , doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.3475-04.2004 .

Web links

Commons : Morgenammer  - album with pictures, videos and audio files