Moulin-Kame

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A Moulin-Kame (or Moulinkame , Mühlen-Kame , also called Tumulus in Bavaria , English moulin kame, French kame de moulin ) is an approximately conical hill that was created in the dead ice of the last Cold Age (or Ice Age) when moraines rubble was washed up locally by meltwater, especially in a glacier mill . The mound appeared when the dead ice had finally melted.

description

In his book, Hermann Jerz first calls the structure “tumulus” and writes, especially on page 26, that the tumuli “presumably originated from the fact that material from crevice fillings and from the glacier surface when the ice melts from the meltwater to cone-shaped sandy- gravelly sediment bodies were washed up ('Moulin-Kames') ”.

Other authors such as Rolf K. Meyer with Hermann Schmidt-Kaler , Michael Streifinger and Roland Kunz attribute the formation more specifically to the washing up of rock debris in a glacier mill (English: moulin). Ernst Brunotte's Lexicon of Geography says (in volume 2) under "Kames": "Deposits on the glacier bottom that have formed under glacier mills are called Moulinkames."

Karl N. Thome mentions in his book about the Quaternary in Chapter 9.8 "Scheme of glacial forms and sediments" (p. 140) under "Indirectly created or influenced by meltwater" and the like. a. "Mühlen-Kame under the former glacier mill near the edge of the ice."

Michael Hambrey writes "... moulin kames are associated with debris at the bottom of moulins and are mounds several meters high or more" (p. 160 of his book and similarly p. 227). In TERMIUM Plus , the bilingual terminology database of the government of Canada, moulin kame / kame de moulin is defined in the same way: “A conical hill of glaciofluvial material formed in a large circular hole (moulin) in glacier ice / monticule conique formé là où les eaux de fonte ont transporté des débris dans un trou (moulin) à la surface de la glace ”. Susan Mayhew formulates similarly in the entry "moulin (glacier mill)": "A rounded, often vertical hole within stagnating glacier ice. Meltwater, heavily charged with debris, swirls into the hole. 'Moulins are ephemeral features in such an environment' (James (2003) Geomorph. 55, 1-4). Some of these debris settles out at the base of the moulin, forming a moulin kame after the ice retreats. "

Examples of Moulin-Kames or "Tumuli"

The Bäckerbichl near Andechs-Erling

In the Bavarian foothills of the Alps, a nice example is the Bäckerbichl near Andechs- Erling. It is about 25 m high and is protected as a natural monument . Further "tumuli" can be found on the Hirschberg near Pähl ("ideally shaped") and in Wallgau (20 m high).

In the Canadian province of Ontario there is a "spectacular" Moulin-Kame with a height of 80 m in the Bonheur River Kame Provincial Park . It is so strictly protected that there is no tourist access and you can only see it from the air.

Other areas with Moulin-Kames are: In the Canadian province of Alberta the Waterton Lakes National Park ; in the province of Quebec, the Kuururjuaq National Park ; in the US state of Wisconsin, the Kettle Moraine State Forest with Dundee Mountain, which is said to be about 75 m high; the Danish island of Langeland ; there these hills are called hatbakker and are up to 37 m high.

Demarcation

The Moulin-Kame should not be confused with the Drumlin .

Etymology and Nomenclature

Moulin is French for "mill" and is also used in French and English for "glacier mill". Kame is of Scottish origin (meaning "crest") and in geomorphology refers to an irregularly shaped hill that was deposited by water melting glaciers. Thus, the Moulin-Kame can be understood as a Kame that was given a regular shape through its creation in a glacier mill.

Tumulus of the fallen Athenians at Marathon

Typical Moulin-kames as that mentioned baker Bichl similar to a mound grave or Tumulus, such as the one bears the remains of Athens, in the Battle of Marathon (v. Chr 490th) fell, or Leeberg Großmugl in Lower Austria, from the Hallstatt dates. That is why a Moulin-Kame is also called a "tumulus" in Bavaria. But this name is misleading precisely because of the similarity with the barrow. In addition, reference books do not know them in this way, as the following notes show:

  • In Adolf Watznauer's Dictionary of Geosciences (German ⇆ English) "Tumulus" occurs only in the English part, and the German expressions for it are Quellkuppe , Lavadom . These terms belong in the field of volcanology .
  • In their dictionary, Hans Murawski and Wilhelm Meyer refer to clod lava under “Tumulus” ; under "Schollenlava" is "Schollendom (= Tumulus)" mentioned. That too belongs to the field of volcanology.
  • In the geology dictionaries of Volker Schweizer (German ⇆ English) and Herbert Voßmerbäumer (German ⇆ French), tumulus occurs only in the English or French vocabulary, and the meaning is also in the field of volcanology.
  • There is no "tumulus" in the "Lexicon of Geosciences" either.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hermann Jerz: The ice age in Bavaria , Stuttgart (Vol 2 geology of Bavaria.): Swiss Barth 1,993th
  2. ↑ Rolf K. Meyer and Hermann Schmidt-Kaler : Walks in the history of the earth / 9: On the trail of the Ice Age south of Munich - western part . Dr. F. Pfeil, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-931516-10-5 .
  3. ↑ Michael Streifinger: Practical example of a glacial morphological Mittenwald excursion. Empirical study on excursion didactics . Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, Saarbrücken 2010. ISBN 978-3-8381-1966-3 . This dissertation can also be read online.
  4. ↑ Relic of a huge glacial mill. Andechser Bergecho 1-2015 , pages 10-13. Retrieved February 4, 2017
  5. ↑ E. Brunotte et al. a. (Ed.): Lexicon of Geography . Heidelberg, Berlin: Spectrum Academic Publishing House 2002.
  6. ^ Karl N. Thome: Introduction to the Quaternary: the age of the glaciers . Berlin (inter alia): Springer 1997.
  7. ↑ Michael Hambrey: Glacial Environments : CRC Press, Boca Raton [u. a.] 1994.
  8. ↑ Susan Mayhew: A dictionary of Geography , 5th Ed. Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 9780191761034 .
  9. ^ "Profile" of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment on the Bäckerbichl
  10. ↑ Profile of the "Tumuli am Hirschberg"
  11. ↑ Profile of the "Tumuli in Wallgau"
  12. ^ Official web presence of the Bonheur River Kame Provincial Park
  13. ↑ Jürgen Ehlers : The Ice Age . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-2326-9 , in particular p. 127f.
  14. ↑ A. Watzenauer (Ed.): Dictionary of Geosciences , Amsterdam (et al.). Elsevier 1,982th
  15. ↑ Hans Murawski, Wilhelm Meyer: Geological Dictionary , 12th edition. Heidelberg: Spectrum Academic Publishing House 2010.
  16. ↑ Volker Schweizer: Dictionary of Geology: German-English, English-German . Spectrum Academic Publishing House 2012.
  17. ^ Herbert Voßmerbäumer: Geology: Dictionary, French-German, German-French , Stuttgart: Schweizerbarth 1996.
  18. ↑ Lexicon of Geosciences : In six volumes. Heidelberg (inter alia): Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2000–2002.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Wikipedia has an article on the Bonheur River Kame Provincial Park
  2. ↑ see e.g. B. in the English Wikipedia Moulin (geomorphology) , in the French Moulin (glacier)