Darjeeling banana
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Darjeeling banana ( Musa sikkimensis ) |
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The Darjeeling banana ( Musa sikkimensis ) is a species of the banana genus ( Musa ) within the banana family (Musaceae). It is native to northeast India , Nepal , Sikkim , Bhutan and Bangladesh .
description
Appearance and leaf
The Darjeeling banana grows as an evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of about 4 meters. It has a rhizome underground from which runners drift. The actual stem axis remains very short. A non-woody, robust, reddish overflowing, 1 to 1.5 meter high false stem is formed from the leaf sheaths. The diameter of the pseudo trunk at its base 35 to 40 centimeters.
The yellowish-green leaves consist of a leaf sheath, a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are blackish and only initially have a clearly visible layer of wax. The approximately 65 centimeters long petioles are open, furrowed with upright and narrowly bent back, blackish-dry-skinned edges; these stalk edges form a black line in the lower area compared to the color of the pseudostem. The simple, spread out leaf blades are elongated-lanceolate with a length of 1.8 to 2.1 meters and a width of about 0.6 meters with a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped blade base. The spiders, which are shiny on both sides, are usually purple at the beginning, later sometimes even purple on the underside, but otherwise yellowish-green with reddish central ribs.
Inflorescence and flower
The Darjeeling banana is single-sexed ( monoecious ), i.e. it has single-sex flowers that sit together in the inflorescence of the individual plant specimen. The robust inflorescence stem is 4 to 5 inches long and hairy downy. The terminal inflorescence hangs over. The numerous, individually after a while falling bracts are not or hardly back curved, ribbed, broad ovoid blunt upper end, on both faces deep purple to carmine and floured on the top. There are several flowers in two rows above each bract. At the base of the inflorescence the flowers are female and towards the top of the inflorescence there are male flowers. One or two male bracts open at the same time and contain about 14 flowers.
The unisexual flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. Five of the six bracts have grown together to form a tube that rips open on one side to the bottom. The overgrown bracts are about 3.5 centimeters long and cream-colored-orange. The free bloom is 1.6 inches long and translucent with tiny serrated upper end. In the male flowers there are five stamens that are about the same length as the overgrown bracts. The anthers are mostly white. The female flowers have reduced stamens. The stylus, which is white in the lower area and cream-colored in the upper area, narrows into the narrow, elongated stigma.
Infructescence, fruit and seeds
The fruit cluster of the bananas is called a "tuft". The clump is crooked and in this species consists of about four so-called “hands”, each loosely spaced about seven to nine fruits in two rows. The protruding, massive fruit stalk with a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters is about 2 centimeters long.
The banana fruit, from a botanical point of view a berry , is 11 to 15 centimeters long and about 4 centimeters thick in this species. It is rounded at the top, tapers abruptly towards the fruit stalk and is angular when ripe. The approximately 5 millimeter thick fruit skin is initially green and turns brown when ripe. The fruit contains numerous seeds in relatively few, dirty white or light brownish-pink pulp . The hard, black, smooth seeds are relatively large and sharp-edged with a length of 6 to 10.5 millimeters and a diameter of 5 to 6 millimeters. The cup-shaped hilum is about 2 × 1 millimeter in size.
The flowering time and the formation of the fruits takes place in the home areas between October and April.
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome number is x = 11, there is diploidy , i.e. a chromosome number of 2n = 22.
Occurrence
Musa sikkimensis occurs on the Indian subcontinent in northeastern India ( Darjeeling and West Bengal ) and the neighboring countries of Sikkim, Bhutan , Nepal , Bangladesh and Myanmar. There it occurs in the foothills of the Himalayas up to 2000 meters above sea level.
Systematics
The first description of Musa sikkimensis was made in 1878 by Sulpiz short in the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India , ns, Volume 5, p 164. synonyms of Musa sikkimensis short are: Musa × sapientum f. hookeri King ex Baker , Musa × paradisiaca var. hookeri (King ex Baker) K.Schum. , Musa hookeri (King ex Baker) AMCowan & Cowan .
Musa sikkimensis part of the section Musa of the genus Musa .
One can distinguish between two varieties:
- Musa sikkimensis var. Sikkimensis : It occurs from Sikkim to northern Myanmar.
- Musa sikkimensis var. Simmondsii A.Joe & M.Sabu : It occurs in Assam.
use
Musa sikkimensis also blooms outdoors in Central Europe , but only rarely after mild winters and adequate frost protection after about 3 to 4 years. Musa sikkimensis also produces fruits in Central Europe, but because the summer is too short they no longer ripen and so remain inedible. The fruit contains numerous black seeds that are very hard and cannot be eaten. Together with the Japanese fiber banana, it is the most frost-resistant banana plant there is. The leaves freeze to death at around −3 ° C, the false trunk at around −5 ° C and the rhizome (root tubers) can withstand up to −15 ° C.
There are some readouts. The best known variety is 'Red Tiger', other varieties are 'Red Flash' and 'Manipur'. They have a more pronounced reddish color of the leaves and bracts.
swell
- Musa sikkimensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved on September 4, 2013 (Sections Systematics and Occurrence)
- Musa sikkimensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 4, 2013 (Systematics Section)
literature
- Henry John Noltie: Musa , In: Flora of Bhutan , Volume 3, Part 1, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 1994, pp. 178-182. Text put online.
- Norman Willison Simmonds: Botanical Results of the Banana Collecting Expedition, 1954-5. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 11, Issue 3, 1956, pp. 463-489. Text put online. Musa sikkimensis on p. 478
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Henry John Noltie: Musa , In: Flora of Bhutan , Volume 3, Part 1, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 1994, pp. 178-182. Text put online.
- ^ A b c d e Norman Willison Simmonds: Botanical Results of the Banana Collecting Expedition, 1954-5. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 11, Issue 3, 1956, pp. 463-489. Text put online. Musa sikkimensis on p. 478
- ↑ a b c Musa sikkimensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
- ↑ Musa sikkimensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 1, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Musa sikkimensis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- ^ M. Häkkinen & H. Väre: Typification and check-list of Musa L. names (Musaceae) with nomenclatural notes , In: Adansonia, III , Volume 30, 2008, pp. 63–112.
- ↑ a b Joachim Jack: Tropical, subtropical and hardy bananas: Instructions for successful banana cultivation , 2011. ISBN 978-3-8423-5375-6 : Google-Book-Online. Musa sikkimensis on p. 27
