Northern striped kiwi
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Northern striped kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ) |
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| Bartlett , 1850 |
The northern striped kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli , syn .: Apteryx bulleri ), also brown kiwi , northern kiwi or northern striped kiwi , is a large type of kiwi. Native to New Zealand's North Island and the offshore islands of New Zealand, although it is one of the more common kiwi species, it has become rare or even extinct in many places due to the hunting pressure of predators introduced by whites.
Traditionally, the northern striped kiwi was viewed as Apteryx australis mantelli , a subspecies of the southern striped kiwi ; it is now considered a separate species.
features
The northern striped kiwi is a large kiwi that reaches a body length of 50 to 65 cm. The males weigh 1440 to 3060 g, their beak length measures 110 to 155 mm. Females reach a weight of 2060 to 3850 g and a beak length of 130 to 205 mm. The flightless bird's tail can not be seen, its small wings are stunted. It is dark brown with reddish brown and black dashes. The underside is pale grayish brown. The plumage feels rough, albinism occurs again and again . In contrast to the short facial bristles of other species, the bristles on the face of the Northern Striped Kiwi are long. The beak is light horn-colored, the feet brown.
distribution
The northern striped kiwi is the only wild kiwi on the North Island. It occurs there and on some offshore islands of New Zealand in isolated and fragmented populations . It is common in places on the North Island, but mostly it is scattered populations. It occurs on the Coromandel Peninsula , in the Bay of Plenty and Gisborne regions and as far as the northern Ruahine Range , as well as from the Tongariro volcano massif to Taranaki . There are stable stocks on Little Barrier Island , Kawau Island and Ponui Island . Hybrids occur on Kapiti Island .
New populations have established themselves on the Tawharanui Peninsula (northern Auckland ), in the Maungatautari area ( Waikato region ), on Cape Kidnappers ( Hawke's Bay ), at Pukaha / Mount Bruce ( Wairarapa ) and in the Remutaka Range ( Wellington ). At the time of settlement by the Europeans , the northern striped kiwi was more widespread, particularly on the Northland Peninsula and in the Waikato region .
Habitat and way of life
The northern striped kiwi prefers dense subtropical forests, but also lives in afforested forests, in plantations of introduced pines , in shrub and thorn-bush steppe , grasslands and even in sand dunes . It occurs from sea level to an altitude of 1400 m north of the Manawatu Gorge gorge.
The northern striped kiwi feeds mainly on invertebrates . The nocturnal and hidden way of life makes it practically impossible to observe food intake; in bird stomach and in the feces of food were the largest proportion annelids identified. There are also reports of plant material such as plant leaves and mosses . The clutch consists of one or two white eggs. With a female body weight of 2.09 to 3.27 kg, an egg weighs 330 to 519 g. Weighing 416 g, an egg is around 400% heavier than what would be allometrically expected from a bird weighing 2.2 kg. The eggs are mainly incubated by the male; the breeding period between 74 and 84 days is one of the longest in the bird world. The chicks hatch fully feathered and leave the nest unaccompanied after about a week.
Danger
In 1996 the population was estimated at 35,000 animals, for 2008 it was assumed that there were 25,000 individuals. Of these, 8,000 are in the Northland , 1,000 in the Coromandel Peninsula and 8,000 in the western and eastern populations. The population on the North Island could decline very quickly due to habitat loss and hunting by dogs, cats, ferrets and ermines ; because of the stable island populations and the containment of predators in select North Island populations, the overall decline is likely to be slower. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) classifies the species as Endangered (EN).
literature
- Josep del Hoyo et al. a .: Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, 1992, ISBN 84-87334-10-5 .
- Stephen J. Davies: Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-854996-2 .
- Burbidge et al. (2003): Molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwi. Conservation Genetics 4, pp. 167-177.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f James Sales: The endangered kiwi: a review. In: Folia Zoologica 54, 2005, pp. 1-20. ( Online ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. )
- ↑ North Island Kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ) at Avibase
- ↑ a b c d e f g H. A. Robertson: North Island brown kiwi. In CM Miskelly (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. ( North Island brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli Bartlett, 1852 )
- ↑ Videos, photos and sound recordings about Brown Kiwi (Apteryx australis) in the Internet Bird Collection
- ^ IOC World Bird List version 5.1 5 - Kiwis, Family Apterygidae
- ↑ J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, EFJ Garcia, EFJ: Northern Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, DA Christie, E. de Juana (eds.) 2014 Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Online .
- ↑ a b Clive Roots: Flightless Birds. Greenwood Pub Group Inc., 2006, ISBN 978-0313335457 , p. 36.
- ↑ a b c d Apteryx mantelli in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013.1. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Web links
- Apteryx mantelli inthe IUCN 2013 Red List of Threatened Species . Listed by: BirdLife International, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Northern Brown Kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli )