Schinkel's normal church
The so-called normal church Schinkel is a church that was built in rural areas of Prussia to save costs according to a general template by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . The simple, economical classicistic round arch construction was usually implemented with only minor regional deviations.
draft
The "master builder of Prussia" designed in 1825 on behalf of King Friedrich Wilhelm III. a prototype for such a unified church, for which his first church building, the St. Nicolai Church in Magdeburg's Neue Neustadt , completed a year earlier , is said to have served as a model. After the order was placed in 1817, he originally wanted to build a Gothic- style church here, which was not implemented for cost reasons.
The conception of the squat steeples in the normal Schinkel church may also be based on experiences from Magdeburg church construction. Because in a second draft - together with the construction manager and copperplate engraver Johann Conrad Costenoble (1776–1840) - a contemporary high church tower was planned. The Magdeburg city commander rejected this tower, as he should have feared possible enemy views into the fortress. This was a third and final design for the execution, which provided for a comparatively low tower and which corresponded to the ideas of an inexpensive simple construction for fast growing or new communities and settlements with little money.
The small towerless church in Nakel in the Duchy of Posen , which Schinkel designed in 1819 and which cost only 4,000 thalers, could also be used as a model. The King Friedrich Wilhelm III. is said to have liked the cost-benefit ratio so much that he made it the model for all small Protestant churches in Prussia in the Ordinance on Normal Churches in 1827 . It was characterized by pillar-like corner elements and arched windows on the lengthways and lunette windows on the narrow sides. The interior was divided into a hall by pillars, the central nave was vaulted with a wooden barrel, and there were galleries in the side aisles.
execution
While the villages and parishes could usually only allow themselves minor deviations in the execution of the normal churches, there were clear differences in the interior design over time. As soon as they were able to do so, some villages equipped their places of worship with a magnificent winged altar, for example .
Because of the fast and inexpensive construction, Schinkel worked on half-timbered churches in parallel. The infills of the towerless hall with a separate bell tower in Sophiental im Oderbruch (see below) were filled with bricks under his influence. The Schinkel schoolchildren Friedrich August Stüler and August Soller took up the theme of the rare brick half- timbered churches in the sample book of designs for churches, parish houses and school buildings . After sheets 16 and 17 from Stüler's folios from 1852, for example, the unusual red-glowing brick half-timbered church in Dippmannsdorf was built in 1860 . The basic concept of the small hall structure with its polygonal apse and horseshoe gallery corresponds entirely to the type of normal church designed by Schinkel for the village communities. However, the round arch style of the normal church could not be implemented in half-timbered houses . In addition, this type of construction had no future for churches. The simple style and the simple construction were more popular with functional architecture such as train stations and workshop halls.
When Friedrich Wilhelm IV took office in 1840, buildings based on Schinkel's model plan were increasingly rejected, at least in the narrower Berlin area. For example, at the Spandau Church of St. Marien am Behnitz , the “romantic on the throne” pushed through a church based on early Christian basilicas against the original plans . Finally, he added four “towers in the zinc casting process ” to the counter-draft of the building councilor August Soller .
Examples
| place | Construction year | designation | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eller | 1827-1829 | Parish Church of St. Gertrud | Schinkel's draft, canceled in 1901 |
| Edersleben | 1828-1830 | St. Bartholomew Church | |
| Frauenwald | 1830-1831 | Schinkel Church of St. Nicolai | |
| Gumbinnen (East Prussia), Gussew since 1946 | 1840 | Salzburg Church | Hall church with rebuilt tower |
| Heudeber | 1834-1838 | Village church | |
| Cranes | 1836-1837 | Village church | Built as a normal church without a tower |
| Lötzen (East Prussia), since 1945 Giżycko | 1827 | Evangelical parish church on the market square | Restored in the 1990s |
| Lütte | 1840 | Village church | |
| Schönwalde | 1844 | Village church | |
| Seelow | 1830-1831 | Village church | with a different tower since the 1960s, after the old church tower was blown up in 1945 |
| Tarmow | 1835 | Village church | |
| Wuthenow | 1836-1837 | Schinkel Church | Schinkel's design with a tower and side towers |
Web links
- Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg: Illustration of the Evangelical Church in Nakel, watercolor by Christian v. Martens 1870
literature
- Peter Schmidt: One church for all provinces - Schinkel's normal church in "arch style" , in Die Mark Brandenburg Heft 42, Berlin 2001. ISSN 0939-3676
Individual evidence
- ^ Sabine Bohle-Heintzenberg, Manfred Hamm: Architecture Beauty: the Schinkel School in Berlin and Brandenburg . Transit, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-88747-121-0 , p. 158 .
- ↑ State capital Düsseldorf: Schinkel im Rheinland, 1991, catalog for the exhibition, p. 90/91 (with drawings)
- ↑ a b Peter Schmidt: The churches of Krangen, Tarmow and Wuthenow , in: 600 years of the Krangen community , bulletin no. 8 from August 1997 of the Historisches Verein der Grafschaft Ruppin eV
- ↑ Jan Feustel : Between watermills and swamp forests . Bäßler, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-930388-11-1 , p. 160 .
- ^ Rainer Fellenberg: The Schinkel Church . In: Schinkelkirche zu Wuthenow . Evangelical local parish Wuthenow in the overall parish of Ruppin. April 25, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2010.