Schönwalde (Wandlitz)

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Schönwalde
municipality Wandlitz
Coat of arms of Schönwalde
Coordinates: 52 ° 40 ′ 45 ″  N , 13 ° 26 ′ 24 ″  E
Height : 57 m above sea level NHN
Area : 22.53 km²
Residents : 2355  (Sep 30, 2013)
Population density : 105 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : October 26, 2003
Postal code : 16348
Area code : 033056
map
Location in the municipality of Wandlitz, district of Barnim

Schönwalde is a part of the municipality of Wandlitz . The municipality belongs to the district of Barnim in the state of Brandenburg . Until 2003 Schönwalde was an independent municipality within the Wandlitz office . In the Wandlitz district of Schönwalde, 2355 inhabitants live on 22.53  km² , which corresponds to a population density of 104.5 inhabitants per km².

After a first documentary mention in 1750 and the founding decree of 1753, Schönwalde is one of the colonist villages that the Prussian King Friedrich II had built in a short period of peace after the Second Silesian War and before the start of the Seven Years' War . The site, 18 kilometers north of the royal residence, the Berlin Palace , developed from its original purpose as a cloth supplier for the Prussian army via a wood processing site to a residential area at the gates of the city of Berlin .

Close to the Berlin city limits and infrastructurally connected to federal and state roads as well as a regional train line, Schönwalde is a popular place to live for newcomers from the German capital. Within the first 15 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall , the town's population doubled. Due to the location on the southern edge of the closed wooded area of the Barnim Nature Park , the area around Schönwald with the Gorinsee and Mühlenbeck lakes is also a local recreation area for the residents of the north-eastern districts of Berlin.

geography

Geographical location

Schönwalde is located on the western part of the Barnim plateau, the so-called Niederbarnim . The altitude above sea level decreases slightly from east to west. The highest point at 69.6 meters above sea level is the north-eastern border with Bernau in the Bernauer Heide . At 44.5 meters above sea level, the area of Lake Mühlenbeck on the western border is the lowest point in the town. The height of the center of the village at the church is 57 meters, that of the Gorinsee located two kilometers east of this is 58.5 meters above sea level.

Neighboring places

Created as a street village on the Chaussee in the direction of Prenzlau, Schönwalde is about 3.5 km north of the Berlin city limits directly on the federal road 109 and the regional train line RB 27, also known as the Heidekrautbahn . Adjacent communities are in the east the city of Bernau with the Schönow district , in the west the community Mühlenbecker Land with the district Mühlenbeck . The northern boundary of the district to the neighboring Wandlitz district of Basdorf forms the Renne frame west of the main road , a forest path straight in a west-east direction through the forest, east of the B 109 the Waldkorso road , which already borders the closed settlement area of ​​Basdorf. In the south, the Schönerlinde district of Wandlitz joins Schönwalde. The border runs through the closed development on the southern edge of Schönwalde. To the southeast there are short border sections to Berlin, the Bucher Forest , a renatured area of ​​former sewage fields , and to the district of Zepernick in the Panketal community .

Natural space

In addition to 0.79 km² of built-up area and 0.70 km² of traffic area, the local area of ​​Schönwalde consists of 15.62 km² of forest, 4.89 km² of agricultural land and 0.40 km² of water.

Gorin lake

In addition to the two lakes, the Gorinsee located two kilometers east of the historic town center and the Mühlenbeck lake , which does not belong to the municipality but adjoins it immediately to the west , there are also the mill pond at Dammsmühle Castle and two rivers . These are the Tegeler Fließ , which rises near Basdorf and drains over the Mühlenteich , the Mühlenbecker See and the Tegeler See in Berlin into the Havel , and the Lietzengraben , which, coming from the border with Schönow, delimits the southeastern local area to Panketal and near Berlin- Karow flows into the Panke .

The abundance of forests dominates the northern area of ​​Schönwalde. The forest to the east of the main road consists mostly of pine forests, and to the west in the direction of Lake Mühlenbeck consists of beech and mixed forest stands. The latter belongs to the Schönwalde forest with its seat in the forester's house Mühlenbecker Chaussee / corner of Neumühler Straße in Schönwalde. Most of the forest between the B 109, Schönow and Basdorf belongs to the Goriner Forest and the Bernauer Heide and thus the Berlin Forests , which are managed by the Pankow Forestry Office in Berlin-Buch .

South of the Gorin Forest and the Gorinsee settlement , there is a larger open area that is used for agriculture on Landesstraße 30, which connects Bernau with Schönwalde and Mühlenbeck in an east-west direction. An agricultural settlement built on Hobrechtsfelder Strasse after the Second World War protrudes into this area. It is calculated because of the spatial proximity to the Gorinsee settlement.

geology

Natural location of the Barnim

Schönwalde is located between Bernau and Oranienburg on the northeast border of the Berlin urban area. The center of the village is located on a basic moraine surface of the Barnim . Barnim is the name given to the plateau formed during the Ice Age between the Berlin glacial valley in the south and the Eberswalder glacial valley in the north.

The northern areas of the former municipality of Schönwalde, the wooded areas of the Bernauer Heide and the Gorin Forest , form sander areas that flow into a glacial channel in the area of ​​the western Tegeler Fliessal . The sands and gravels present there mix further south and east on the ground moraine surface with marl boulder to form alternating layers of clay , loam , marl and also sand and gravel.

The different water permeability of the partially superimposed soil types of the ground moraine area leads in the area of ​​the populated areas of the place to different depths of the layers carrying the groundwater, the so-called strata water.

climate

Like the surrounding regions, the Barnim lies in the transition area from the oceanic climate of Western Europe to the continental climate of Eastern Europe . Due to its modest relative height in relation to the adjoining glacial valleys of the Havel and Spree , the Niederbarnim, on which Schönwalde is located, does not have any pronounced weather differences compared to its surroundings. Extreme weather such as storms, heavy hail or above-average snowfall are rare.

Climate diagram (nearest weather station Berlin-Buch)

The mean annual rainfall in the Berlin-Buch weather station, seven kilometers away, was 580.9 mm (l / m²) from 1951 to 2008, 588.1 mm from 1989 to 2008 and an amount from 1999 to 2008 of 621.3 mm. There has been an increase in rainfall in the area in recent years. The place Schönwalde shows only insignificant differences to Berlin-Buch. Overall, the precipitation in the Berlin-Buch area is lower than the national average of around 800 mm. The summer months of July and August show the most precipitation in the recording period from 1999 to 2008 with an average of 82.6 mm in July. The lowest amounts of precipitation fell during the same measurement period with an average of 35.3 mm in April.

With the increase in precipitation for the region, there was also an increase in precipitation days. In the statistics of the Berlin-Buch weather station, for the period from 1951 to 2008, the number of 171.4 days on which an average rainfall fell in the year is given, for the period from 1989 to 2008 it was 172.2 days and for the The ten-year period from 1999 to 2008 recorded an average of 182.0 days of precipitation per year. In the latter period, the most days with precipitation were on average in January with 18.9 days, the fewest in September with 12.0 days. All days with a precipitation amount of more than 0.1 mm count as days of precipitation.

The number of hours of sunshine per day rose slightly, from 4.5 hours of sunshine per day on an annual average (1951 to 2008) over 4.8 hours (1989 to 2008) to 4.9 hours (1999 to 2008). This results in a mean value of 1790 hours of sunshine per year for the period from 1999 to 2008. The mean annual temperature rose for the three comparison periods from 9.1 ° C to 9.7 ° C to 10.0 ° C. The coldest month in the period from 1999 to 2008 was January with an average of 1.5 ° C, the coldest being −3.8 ° C in 2006 and the warmest being 5.4 ° C in 2007. The average warmest month was July with 19.3 ° C and an average peak of 23.3 ° C in 2006.

history

founding

The founding deed of the village Schönwalde dates from January 1753. In it the King of Prussia, Frederick II (later referred to as "the great"), determined that in the area of ​​Mühlenbeck "at the very same cost" a spinner village of a hundred families should be created, called Schönwalde. The place name is often traced back to the former Mühlenbeck district councilor (also Oberamtmann) Schönwald. Other sources assume that the name comes from Middle Low German, as the place was initially still written Schönewalde , as can be seen on a map from 1774/75. According to this, the spelling Schönwalde is said to have only appeared in 1805. The place was mentioned for the first time in 1750, the village plan was drawn up in 1751 by J. E. Loescher.

Monument to Frederick II on the village square (1994) (original bust, stolen in 1995)

In order to lead the Prussian textile industry out of its dependence on imports and to promote land settlement, Frederick the Great pursued a lively colonization policy during his reign from 1740 to 1786 . Wool spinners were mainly recruited from Württemberg , Saxony , the Palatinate , Poland and Mecklenburg and settled in so-called spinner villages such as Sachsenhausen , Marienwerder and Friedrichshagen in addition to Schönwalde . The new settlers moving to Prussia from abroad were exempted from taxes and levies for a specified period of time by an edict from 1748 and were not drawn into army service. The Prussian state provided them with a house, farm, arable land and tools, cattle and the first sowing. A royal instruction dated December 8, 1779 once again confirmed the rights of the colonists.

As early as 1750, the director of the establishment commission, War Councilor Pfeiffer, commissioned the Mühlenbeck office to examine the settlement of line weavers and spinners in the official villages. On December 12, 1752, the responsible forester Lemonius received the order from Mühlenbeck's Oberamtmann Schönwald to fell a stock of alder and beech trees on Uckermärkische Strasse not far from the ruins of the Altenhof , located in the Schönerlinde district , and to cut down a stock of alder and beech trees and the wood for the construction of the new houses Village. Schönwalde emerged as a typical Prussian colonist village of this time, a street village with a wide main street, a central square, the adjoining Schulzenhöft with village inn and large gardens behind the colonist houses.

The "Hereditary Prescription of May 29, 1753" regulated the ownership of the colonists as well as the duties and rights of the Schulzen and the community. It was confirmed by the king that day after it had been drafted by the war council Pfeiffer on royal orders of March 28, 1753 and drawn up on May 20, 1753 by the Churmärkischen War and Domain Chamber. The "Confirmation of the hereditary prescription from the Schulzen and the community of the spinner village of Schönewalde, which was founded a hundred families ago" is said to have been signed on May 31, 1753.

Construction of the colonist village

As early as January 30, 1753, Ludwig Meschker, landmaster and commissioner at the establishment commission, had been "accepted and appointed" by War Councilor Pfeiffer as head of the new village. As a master spinner in Schönwalde, he had to fetch the wool from Berlin and bring the spun back there. He had to pay attention to the quality and to pay the wool spinners the wages. Furthermore, he had police violence in petty matters and regulatory tasks with regard to the village and the individual houses. Eight judges were assigned to Schulzen , two for each village district, who supported him in his duties. For his "labor management", the Schulze received the sole right to serve beer and brandy, the victual trade , the right to guard ten cows on the community meadow as well as 90  acres of arable land and 12 acres of meadow.

Only "foreigners" were allowed to settle in the spinner colonies, that is, they were not allowed to have settled in Prussia . The first settlers from Schönwalde came as early as the spring of 1753. They were initially quartered in the office in Mühlenbeck, in order to then assign them a house in the newly created town.

Colonist House

The colonist houses were built as semi-detached houses. The walls were made of clay framework and the roof was thatched. The entrances were on the street side in the middle of the double house. The side room included a small barn and a stable. The houses were exempt from all taxes, but could not be sold or loaned without permission. One acre of garden land (approx. 2553 m²) belonged to each house and each colonist received one acre of meadow. Furthermore, he received the right to drive a head of cattle to the common pasture. In addition to the colonists' houses, a schoolmaster and sexton house was built on the southeast edge of the village square in the center of the village. To this house belonged two acres of garden and one acre of fields and one meadow. Johann Gottlieb Meschker became the first schoolmaster.

The revision list of May 6, 1754 already listed 36 colonists with 102 family members. The Bandel, Hebich, Kurtz, Langnik, Lutz, Schulz, Schwarzmeyer, Seiler, Steck, Tost, Vogel and Widemer families came from Württemberg. The Böttcher and Möricke families came from Saxony, the Liebenhagen family from Mecklenburg-Strelitz , the Porst family from Thuringia and the Hagebuch family from the Palatinate . Only two families came from the Mark Brandenburg , the Lentz family from neighboring Schönerlinde and the Ströhmann family from Wensickendorf . After all, two families, Charles and Sourell, had French ancestors. They belonged to the Huguenots who had settled in Prussia since the Potsdam Edict of 1685 .

On March 20, 1755, 40 colonists were sworn in in Schönwalde. In the directory of the first swearing in are the names: Ludwig Meschker (Schulze); Dost, Lessing, Schwarzmeyer, Spannemann (4 scoops); Allmer, Berger, Beßmann, Blumenthal, Böttger, Charles, Hoffmann, Hyronimus, Kahle, Kest, Keyser, Keutel, Knoll, Kurz, Leininger, Lutz, Meyer, Möricke, Naumann, Georg and Martin Nitze, Reuscher, Seyler, Schilkopf, Schlumbach , Schoene, Schuhmacher, Sommer, Thomee, Vogel, Völkel, Christian and Joseph Wiedemer and Wüst; furthermore Bohmbach, Hebich, Krause, Lange, Schmidt and Seeger, who were absent at the swearing-in. Some of the names can still be found in the village after more than 200 years.

The population of the village grew rapidly. The revision table from 1769 already recorded 443 people living on the 100 colonist sites.

Settlement and infrastructure development

Expansion of the settlement core

Schönwalde on a map (1767–1787)

Before Schönwalde was founded, the later municipal area belonged to the Mühlenbeck Forest . The forest area between today's center of the village and Lake Mühlenbeck is referred to on old maps as the Schönerlind enclosure . The forest between the town center and Gorinsee was called Schönewaldsche Heyde after the town was founded , just as the town itself was still called Schönewalde in 1774/75 . The only settlement in the area before 1753 was the Altenhof , about one kilometer southwest of the center of the new town. The Altenhof has not been inhabited since the Thirty Years War and was only known as a hallway name. Since the years 1746/1747 there was a mill north of the Mühlenbeck lake , which was operated by a miller Grüwel from Mönchmühle. After the mill was acquired by the Berlin leather manufacturer Peter Friedrich Damm in 1755, this place was called Dammsmühle. Later Dammsmühle was converted into a baroque palace (for the history of the palace, see Schloss Dammsmühle ).

Schönwalde was laid out as a street village with 50 semi-detached houses on both sides of the main street in an approximately north-south orientation. In the middle there was an octagonal square with a prayer house built between 1780 and 1782 as the center and the Schulzen estate with the village tavern on the east side. The simple colonist houses were in line with the street. Behind it were the outbuildings with attached gardens. The road led in the north to Basdorf, in the south, bypassing Schönerlinde, to Blankenfelde. Today's Bernauer Damm did not yet exist. In its place there was only one way into the forest and to the northeast behind the gardens in 1755 consecrated cemetery . In a westerly direction, a path led from the village square through the "footbridges" to Dammsmühle. In the years 1830 to 1832, the state had the highway from Berlin through the Schorfheide to Prenzlau expanded. It led through the main street of Schönwalde. The first paving and a direct connection to the southern neighboring town of Schönerlinde was created. On a map from 1839, the road course in east-west direction to Mühlenbeck or Bernau / Schönow can already be seen. On the northern outskirts at the site of the industrial park, a chief forester's office was established.

Church and Monument to the Fallen

In the years 1843/44 the timber-framed prayer house was replaced by a church made of baked stone thanks to a "royal gift of grace" of 1000 thalers . The interior design was financed for the most part from donations. The wooden bell tower on the east side of the building was not erected until 1875. Ten years later, from 1885 to 1886, the parish bought an organ from the Sauer company in Frankfurt (Oder) for the church for 2500 marks . The cemetery, located on the eastern edge of the village, away from the church, had to do without a mortuary hall until 1937. The foundation stone of the cemetery chapel was laid on May 12, 1936, the inauguration on September 19, 1937. From the foundation of Schönwald in 1753 to 1866 there was no parish of its own in the village, the place was subordinate to the church of Bernau . From December 2nd, 1866, the day of the separation from the rectorate in Bernau, sixteen pastors served in Schönwalde until 2008.

The townscape changed considerably in the second half of the 19th century. The settlement area remained limited to the colonist properties, but the owners of the properties, who had made some fortunes as a result of the economic upswing on the outskirts of Berlin, gradually replaced the thatched colonist houses with larger houses, some of which had magnificent stucco facades in the style of historicism . In 1903, a memorial for the founder of the village, King Friedrich II of Prussia, was erected on the northwest side of the village square. For the volunteer fire brigade founded in 1904, a fire brigade depot was also built on the village square opposite the church from 1906. The climbing tower on its west side was a subsequent addition from the 1930s.

Expansion of the settlement area

Settlement area in 1903

An important turning point in Schönwald's development was the opening of the railway line from Berlin-Reinickendorf to Groß-Schönebeck or Liebenwalde on May 21, 1901. The Schönwalde train station was built at a distance of 900 meters from the town center on the road towards Mühlenbeck. The construction and operation of the line was carried out by Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn AG , in which the municipality of Schönwalde participated with shares worth 12,000 marks. The railway line led to a much better connection to the Reich capital and thus to shorter travel times for commuters, mainly construction workers, and visitors to offices in the Niederbarnim district that were based in Berlin. The economy benefited from the freight traffic operated on the railway line but also from the onset of excursion tourism from Berlin to the surrounding area. Last but not least, the new railway line resulted in the first major settlement expansion of the place in the 1920s. The station settlement was laid out southeast of the railway line, south of the road to Mühlenbeck, i.e. between the station and the old town center to the east. Since then, all of Schönwald's newly developed settlement areas have emerged on this east-west axis.

graveyard

In the 1920s and 1930s, the first areas in the later district of Gorinsee (or Gorin ) were settled. The parcels laid out south of the approximately 700 × 400 meter large lake and the road leading past it to Schönow accommodated permanent residents as well as weekend and summer guests. In 1934 the “Gasthaus Freibad Gorinsee” (later name “Libelle”) was approved at the lake. A campsite was built east of the lake, which expanded into the high forest until 1990, but was then reduced again due to the objection of the owner, the Berlin Forests. After the land reform of 1946/1947, new farmers also settled in the settlement, primarily on Hobrechtsfelder Strasse. Parts of the settlement belonged to the Schönerlinde district until the municipal council of Schönwalde, at the request of the residents on July 30, 1956, approved an incorporation into Schönwalde. In 1959/60, as part of a “Pearl Necklace for Berlin” campaign, the expansion of local recreation centers around Berlin, the Gorinsee lido . A bathing jetty, which was demolished again in the 1990s, was built and a parking lot was created. From 1965 onwards, the last settlement expansion on the Gorinsee took place . To the west of the lake, parcels were allocated on which bungalows were built. According to the unification agreement, this area has grandfathering, but building permits are no longer granted there. In contrast, after 1990, many weekend properties in the Gorinsee settlement south of the lake became residential properties with single-family houses.

With the increase in the population of Schönwalde there was a constant lack of living space. In the 19th century this was countered with the renovation and expansion of the buildings on the colonist properties. An expansion of the settlement area was initially not possible, as the development of the agriculturally used land was prohibited after the recession of 1866 and the surrounding forest could not be cleared for this purpose, as it did not belong to the community. It was not until 1921 that the new Niederbarnim mbH settlement company acquired land on both sides of Bahnhofstrasse (Mühlenbecker Chaussee since the middle of the 20th century) and the station settlement was established. In the years 1937 to 1939, seven apartment buildings were built west of the train station, the so-called "Waldsiedlung", which was not built because of the population pressure of the place, but instead was used to accommodate officers from the nearby gendarmerie barracks. The influx of 300 displaced persons from eastern Germany after the Second World War made the housing situation even worse. From the 1950s onwards, the “New Settlement” was gradually built on land reformed land north of Bahnhofstrasse, and then west of the old town center. Between 1970 and 1990 there were two smaller settlement expansions, once the construction of the rarely used sports field south of the forest settlement and the construction of eight company-owned residential buildings of the VEB experimental animal production north of the village opposite the industrial area on the main road.

Former station building

Since the railway line of the "Heidekrautbahn" led to Berlin-Reinickendorf, to West Berlin, there were significant restrictions in traffic during the years of German division. As early as the 1950s, a new route to the south had been built, branching off one kilometer north of Schönwalder Bahnhofstrasse, towards Berlin-Karow. But it only served freight traffic. After the construction of the Berlin Wall , passenger traffic on the Niederbarnimer Railway was cut off from downtown Berlin. The railway line then only served as an industrial line for Bergmann-Borsig in Berlin-Wilhelmsruh . In the 1960s, passenger traffic was diverted to the new route in the direction of Berlin-Karow to a provisional stop in Berlin-Blankenburg . It was only later that the Berlin-Karow S-Bahn station was used as a transfer station and a new stop was built in Schönerlinde. When the route was changed to Berlin-Blankenburg, Schönwalde was given a new stop, which was located between the old train station and the town center. Like the line to Berlin-Karow, this is still in operation. A reopening of the old railway line to Berlin-Reinickendorf has been considered several times since 1990, but was not implemented until 2009. So far, only traditional trains have run on the old route for special occasions. While there were plans to electrify the railway line in earlier times, for example in the 1930s and 1980s as an extension of the S-Bahn network to Wandlitzsee station , after 1990 the branch to Liebenwalde to Wensickendorf was shortened due to declining passenger numbers . The remaining network was renovated by Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn AG , which received the routes back from Deutsche Bahn AG, and is served by modern diesel multiple units.

Settlement densification and expansion of the infrastructure after 1990

Population development from
1754 to 2013
year Residents Year residents year Residents
1754 102 1971 1539 2000 2007
1769 443 1981 1312 2001 2158
1801 618 1985 1252 2002 2238
1858 1076 1989 1179 2003 2270
1875 1194 1990 1156 2004 2264
1890 1342 1991 1202 2005 2290
1895 1377 1992 1195 2006 2301
1910 1473 1993 1271 2007 2332
1925 1503 1994 1457 2008 2336
1933 1558 1995 1555 2009 2341
1939 1676 1996 1664 2010 2345
1946 1459 1997 1732 2011 2315
1950 1580 1998 1764 2012 2331
1964 1590 1999 1888 2013 2355

After the repair of the Dorfstrasse, now Hauptstrasse, in the years 1910 to 1912 and the application of a deficient asphalt layer in 1963, the federal road 109 through Schönwalde was thoroughly renovated from 1990 to 1992, including the ancillary areas such as sidewalks, parking pockets and side streets on the village square. Water and sewage pipes were re-laid. In general, one can speak of a strong upswing in construction activities in Schönwalde after 1990. New settlement areas emerged on both sides of Bahnhofstrasse, such as Eichengrund , the settlements on Fuchsbergweg, Birkenstrasse and on the former factory site of the Otto Liebenhagen wood goods factory at the old train station. This went hand in hand with the constant densification of the old settlement areas. The population of the place doubled from 1156 on October 3, 1990 to 2347 in 2010.

Development of the population from 1754 to 2013 according to the adjacent table

Individual buildings that have shaped the townscape since then were also tackled. In the 1990s, a commercial building was built on the southeast corner of the village square, into which a food and beverage market, as well as a bakery, butcher and flower shop moved, and the extension to the fire station in the center of the village. Opposite the fire brigade, the restored monument of the town's founder Friedrich II was put up again in August 1993, whose bust had been kept by the residents of Schönwald during the GDR era. The original was stolen on the night of June 1, 1995. In October 1996 the municipal administration had a similar bust made of cold cast metal erected as a replacement.

After 2000, a building was built as a "community center" in place of the former school in the forest settlement . The kindergarten and the community library were housed there. In addition, there is the mayor's office and a small consultation room for the local council on the upper floor. A sports hall for the community of Schönwalde was built on the same property. It is mostly used by the sports club founded in 1995. There was also brisk construction activity in the commercial area on Hauptstrasse from 1990 onwards. However, some of the investing companies could not hold out. In 2007, a second grocery supermarket opened there, directly opposite the store that was relocated there in 2006 and which until then had been located in the center of the village. In January 2008, the beverage market moved from the center of the village to the location of the two food markets on the northern edge of the town. Furthermore, another room for various small shops was built in the industrial park. After the food and beverage market moved away, there is now a hardware store next to the baked goods sales point in the office building on the village square. A drugstore set up there in the meantime no longer exists in the village since the Schlecker company went bankrupt .

Economic development

Business

New Monument (1997)

In the newly founded town of Schönwalde, women, older children and some men initially worked as spinners. Most men, on the other hand, pursued their originally learned trades. In the parish register of the municipality eight carpenters, four tailors, four masons, three carpenters, two shoemakers, two Müller, two Kohler, plus a baker ever, dyers, slipper-maker, cutler, Radmacher, Garnweber, wheelwright, weaver and sliding sunroof are listed. As early as the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) spinning came to a standstill and stopped completely around 1800. Because of the large forest in the area, in contrast to the small amount of agricultural land, many residents sought a livelihood in wood processing. The timber trade began around 1790, and a short time later ladders and handles for handicraft tools, baking slides and bakery equipment were made of wood. Gustav Liebenhagen began in 1810 in Dorfstr. 63 (later Hauptstrasse) in a small workshop with the production of back slides. Over the years, Otto Liebenhagen expanded this workshop at this location into a small factory with around 30 employees. Opposite there was the Paul Grünewald sawmill.

At the beginning of the 20th century, some craft businesses switched to industrial production. In 1927 Otto Liebenhagen began to build a second branch in the form of a sawmill at the old train station. Tree trunks came from Brandenburg and Mecklenburg by rail. In 1934 a factory with four workshops was already being used. The workers mainly produced small and kitchen furniture, boxes, ironing boards, cutting boards, flower boxes, sawhorses, back slides, round bars, shop fittings as well as strips for shoes and equipment for construction companies. The buyer of the goods was the market in the nearby capital of Berlin. Many residents of Schönwald worked there as commuters, mostly in the construction industry. A chicken farm was built in the village from 1931 at the “Alten Forsthaus” on the outskirts in the direction of Basdorf. The Geflügelhof Forsthaus Schönwald developed into a recognized poultry breeding teaching facility for Leghorn and Rhodeländer . From 1935 horses, cows and pigs were also kept after the state forest bought lots. After the owner Otto Bartsch, honorary professor at the Agricultural University Berlin 1934–1937, was shot by Soviet soldiers in April 1945, his wife Frieda Bartsch managed the business until it was sold in 1960 to the LPG Schönerlinde . A breeding facility for laboratory animals was established on the site in the 1960s .

After the Second World War, many workshops were damaged and due to the lack of raw materials, only repair work was initially carried out. Soon, however, the traditional timber and construction trades revived and alongside these new trades in the service sector emerged. The town's 44 handicrafts and businesses, which existed in 1953, employed 168 people. In the 1960s, some of the carpenters joined forces to form a craft production cooperative (PGH). Other companies were nationalized as state-owned companies (VEB) . The largest farms were in the 1970s, PGH furniture and living space , the VEB Laboratory Animal Production (founded in 1973), the VEB Home Art (later operating part of the VEB and wickerwork Heringsdorf ), the VEB Catering kitchen (created in 1972 from the expropriation of Otto Liebe Hagen Holzwarenfabrik , later became part of the Klosterfelde wood processing plant and thus from 1980 to the VEB profile strip plant Schönwalde) and the company Seils (building construction). Over 500 workers were employed in these and the smaller companies.

The cooperative and state-owned companies were dissolved in 1990, some were re-privatized or closed, as was the laboratory animal production. Reprivatised to the heirs of Otto Liebenhagen, the formerly expropriated Otto Liebenhagen company, now VEB Profilträgerwerk Schönwalde, was also re-privatized on July 1, 1990. Until 1997, the company continued to operate in the profile molding plant under the name Schönwalder Profilträger GmbH. Supplied parts for the furniture industry were created here. Up to 35 employees were employed, mostly from the surrounding towns. In the years 1990 to 1992, more than 70 businesses were established, mainly in the service and retail sector. In some cases, completely new businesses settled in the place. However, a hotel in Dammsmühle Castle soon had to close again. On the grounds of the VEB Laboratory Animal Production, an industrial area was created through the settlement of various companies. Another industrial area was created from 1997 on the former site of Schönwalder Profilträger GmbH, the Schönwalde industrial estate, in today's Mühlenbecker Chaussee 16. Ten craft and service companies with around 30 employees have settled there. In 2004, 225 businesses were registered in Schönwalde. By the end of 2008 that number had increased to 249. In recent years, as in the entire Wandlitz community, there has been a slight increase in the number of registered businesses.

Agriculture

Due to the inheritance from 1753, the community of Schönwalde had 137 acres (about 34 hectares) of land and permission to send 108 cows to pasture in the Mühlenbeck forest. The increase in the number of livestock in the community herd, already 250 cows, 200 pigs and 200 geese in 1777, led to disputes with the Mühlenbeck office over grazing rights, which were only defused in 1821 when the lands of the Schulzengut were sold to 57 colonists. After the elimination of "pasture justice" in 1866 and the associated compensation for the "Hüthungsgenossen" with 370 acres of land for pasture rights, the colonists of Schönwalde had an additional 470 acres (about 115 hectares) of land. In the following years, individuals bought or leased Schönwalder land in the neighboring villages, especially in Schönerlinde.

Many farms in the village were repeatedly foreclosed, seven of them between 1904 and 1912, which was probably due to the small amount of land owned. The judicial register of entries in the “Erbhöferrolle” from 1934 names six farmers in Schönwalde, who, however, only owned between 8 and 11 hectares. During the land reform of 1946/1947 137 people were given land, including only seven over 10 hectares and fifteen more over one hectare. Most of the allocated land was divided into small plots as garden and settlement land. The settlement on Lindenstrasse and Neumühler Strasse was later built on part of it. In 1952 44 farms cultivated a total of 317.57 hectares of arable land. The number decreased in the following years to 31 in 1959. Forty acres (10 hectares) of land lay fallow in 1957 due to the aging of the farmers.

The increased advertising for the merger of agricultural production cooperatives since 1956 led to the entry of some farmers from the Gorin settlement into the LPG at Gorinsee in 1958 and in 1961 to the establishment of an LPG in the main town of Schönwalde. The latter concluded a cooperation agreement with the VEG (Volkseigenes Gut) Schönerlinde in 1966 due to a lack of manpower . Most of the land was handed over to VEG for management. The rest of 83 hectares was connected to the LPG Schönerlinde in 1967 . After the reprivatisation of the land in 1991, Gerhard Heeger, who lived in Berlin, was the only farmer in Schönwalde. As a long-time member of the LPG and manager of the young cattle facility on Lake Gorin, he built a family farm on purchased and leased land.

politics

Local affiliation

Schönwalde has belonged to Brandenburg since it was founded in 1753, within the Kingdom of Prussia to the Mark Brandenburg and currently to the State of Brandenburg of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1815 to 1952 the place was part of the Niederbarnim district of the Prussian province of Brandenburg or the state of Brandenburg of the GDR . Since the administrative reform of the GDR on July 23, 1952, Schönwalde belonged to the Bernau district in the Frankfurt (Oder) district . After the dissolution of the districts and the re-establishment of the state of Brandenburg on October 3, 1990, Schönwalde was an independent municipality in the Bernau district. The administrative tasks have been carried out since July 1, 1992 by the Wandlitz office within the Barnim district . With the conversion of the office to the municipality of Wandlitz by state law on October 26, 2003, the town of Schönwalde lost its independence. The former community has since been part of the large community of Wandlitz. On June 16, 2005, a constitutional complaint by all municipalities belonging to the office against the municipal reorganization before the constitutional court of the state of Brandenburg was rejected.

Mayor

Since the merger with Wandlitz, the former office of mayor has been exercised by a mayor, who was also known as the district mayor until 2008. Maria Brandt (initially independent, since April 2001 a member of the SPD ) was elected to the office of mayor on December 5, 1993. Until her sudden death in September 2019, she was able to extend her term of office as mayor again and again.

The local advisory board has an advisory role for the community council of Wandlitz with regard to the decisions of the committee that affect the Schönwalde district. Some of the representatives of the local council are also community representatives.

Gabriele Bohnebuck ( Die Linke ) was appointed to the office in December 2019 as head of the village .

Mayor or local mayor
Term of office mayor Note Term of office mayor Note
1753 Ludwig Meschker Village mayor 1959-1961 Hans Engel -
1887-1906 Meinicke - 1961-1963 Orsadnik -
-1927 Kuhlicke - 1963 Chip tanner provisional
1927-1933 Gädicke - 1964 Zepernick -
1933-1941 Oskar Möhring - 1965-1967 Olga Zech -
1941-1945 H. Boettcher stand-in 1968-1970 Olga swap -
1945-1946 Willi Kempfer - 1970-1974 Pacyna -
1946-1948 Paul Lehmann - 1974-1988 number -
1948-1951 Fritz Schmiedeberg discontinued 1978-1983 Siebert -
1951-1955 Fritz Kuhlicke - 1983-1990 Lucie Pradella -
1955-1957 Helmut Dostal provisional 1990-1993 Christel Wilke -
1957-1959 Lenné - 1993-2003 Maria Brandt -

Local advisory board

The local advisory board has an advisory role for the community council of Wandlitz with regard to the decisions of the committee that affect the Schönwalde district. Some of the representatives of the local council are also community representatives.

Party / candidate Share of votes (in percent) Seats
SPD 44.5 2
The left 17.6 1
AfD 15.5 1
EK Hollenberg 13.3 1

The last local elections took place on May 26, 2019. The turnout was 67.7 percent of the population eligible to vote. After that, the local advisory board, consisting of five people, is composed as shown in the table.

coat of arms

Coat of arms of Schönwalde

On the coat of arms of Schönwalde an oak is shown in green on a silver (white) ground, which is rooted on a green ground below. Under the oak there is a golden (yellow) crown, to the left and right of the tree there is a spindle in red. The oak has five golden acorns.

The oak symbolizes the abundance of forests in the local area and the foundation in the middle of the Mühlenbeck forest. The crown refers to the foundation by royal order, the spindles to the reason of the foundation, the settlement of textile workers (spinners and weavers) in Prussia.

The coat of arms of Schönwalde was only confirmed in 1995. This was preceded by a referendum on various coats of arms, in which the design proposal of the local Olaf Tausch prevailed and was accepted with slight changes. The changes concerned the removal of two semicircular blue fields next to the lower green (which should represent the Gorinsee and the Mühlenbecker See) and the replacement of a mill wheel symbolizing a dam mill with a second spindle. The inclusion of the monogram of Frederick II instead of the crown as a clearer reference to the royal foundation was rejected by the designer of the coat of arms in favor of the royal crown because of the better representability.

Local partnerships

Culture and sights

Architectural and ground monuments

Each of the new Wandlitz districts has architectural monuments and also ground monuments, all of which are listed in the Brandenburg list of monuments.

Churches

Evangelical Church Schönwalde

Church with a bell tower

The brick building of the Schönwalder village church, completed in 1844 and measuring 21 m × 11.70 m, replaced a half-timbered prayer house built between 1780 and 1782 without a church tower. The new church was built in the classicistic round arch style and came close to a sample design for rural communities, which was developed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel as a so-called normal church . The new building, consecrated on September 22, 1844, initially had to do without a church tower, before a wooden tower was added on the east side in 1875 for the two bells acquired in 1872. Inside the church there is an organ built in 1885/1886 for 2500 Marks by the Wilhelm Sauer company from Frankfurt an der Oder. The organ consecration took place on the first day of Advent in 1886. The construction of a stone church tower planned in 1904/1905 was not implemented.

In the early 1960s, the western entrance was walled up as part of a renovation and modernization, and the interior was redesigned in 1963. As part of a comprehensive renovation, the church was given a new tiled roof at the end of the 2000s and, in the spring of 2010, three oak entrance doors, replicated according to historical models, for 22,600 euros, one of them on the previously walled-up west gable. In 2011/2012 the village church was further refurbished, for which 21,750 euros were made available from the community budget.

music

Schönwalde has three locations where concerts are held at irregular intervals, the village church, the parish barn and the private antiquarium . Due to the limited space, this is mostly chamber music or performances by soloists . But also the three local choirs, the “Mixed Choir Cantare Schönwalde e. V. ”, the“ Schönwalde Church Choir ”founded in 1997 and the“ MäN A KOR ”(male choir) are represented in the church and the parish barn on various occasions as interpreters of different musical styles.

Buildings

Dammsmühle Castle

Dammsmühle Castle

The three-storey building of Dammsmühle Castle about 2.8 km northwest of the center of Schönwalde is a conversion and extension of a former water mill . The place was named after Peter Friedrich Damm , a Berlin leather manufacturer who bought the mill, which was built in 1747, in 1755. After a few fires, including 1767 with subsequent reconstruction in 1768, and several changes of ownership, the building was acquired by Adolf Friedrich Wollank in 1894 and rebuilt and expanded in the neo-baroque style by 1896 . From 1968 to 1978, when it was used as a guest house for the Ministry for State Security of the GDR from 1959 , the mansard roof was replaced by an additional floor with a flat roof.

The castle stands empty and is visibly deteriorating. It and its outbuildings are surrounded by an overgrown park that extends from Lake Mühlenbeck to the northeast around the Mühlenteich . The takeover of the site by a new tenant in 2009 has so far not resulted in any structural changes to the castle or the outbuildings other than cleaning up the site.

Street village Schönwalde

The original colonist settlement of the 18th century on the main street with partly Wilhelminian style facades was placed under national monument protection at the end of the 1990s . The now again repealed memorials included on both sides of the street in strict straight fleeing standing 120 houses and the octagonal space in the village center with the buildings thereon, the church and the fire station. Laying out in an approximately north-south orientation, the area of ​​the main road is approximately 1,200 meters long. Many of the houses are buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries, although the richly decorated stucco facades that were common at the time of their construction have been partially removed. Only a few of the typical clay buildings from the founding time of the village have survived.

In 2008, the “registered monument with regional character” of the street village Schönwalde (plots 1–61 and 66–128) was deleted from the list of monuments of the state of Brandenburg by the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and the State Archaeological Museum. The reason given was that, due to serious structural changes over the past 15 years, there is no longer any public interest in the preservation of the monument ensemble. However, the entry of further individual monuments can be expected within the area that is no longer protected.

Associations and regular events

The local sports club , the Schönwalde im Barnim e. V. , initially offered table tennis , played in specially prepared rooms in the demolished old school building. Since the use of the new sports hall on the same site in the street Old School came badminton , basketball , indoor soccer , gymnastics , indoor hockey , Ju-Jitsu and volleyball added. The place does not have its own sports field.

In the main road 47 based non-profit organization Schönwalder citizens e. V. (Tradition and Development) was founded in January 2004 and deals with the updating of the chronicle of the place, the creation of projects including exhibitions and lectures on the local history and offers historical tours. Completed projects are e.g. B. "Schönwalde - a spinner village in transition" and "Dammsmühle - mill, manor house, castle". The project “History of the Altenhof” on the settlement history of the surrounding area prior to the founding of Schönwald is in preparation.

The association register of the district includes a total of 12 associations with the above-mentioned organizations (status at the end of 2009). These include, above all, the Democratic Women's Association , the Fire Brigade Association, the Schönwalde Mixed Choir , the Schönwalder Rifle Guild , the Schönwalde Hunting Association and the Schönwalde Village Church Association .

The Schönwalder Summer Festival is an annual festival lasting several days in June, July or August.

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

Talent multiple unit of the NEB at the Schönwalde stop (Barnim)

Schönwalde has a stop on the regional train line 27 (RB 27) and a station on the route of the so-called Heidekrautbahn, which is only operated on special occasions, in the direction of Berlin-Wilhelmsruh . There is a direct connection of the RB 27 south to Berlin-Karow . The route leads north to Groß Schönebeck in the Schorfheide and Wensickendorf or Schmachtenhagen . The owner and operator of the line is Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn AG.

Two bus lines run by the Barnimer bus company run through Schönwalde . On the one hand there is line 891, starting from the S-Bahn station in Zepernick , and on the other hand line 902, which is only operated on school days.

The place is on the federal highway 109 between Schönerlinde and Basdorf , named in Schönwalde as the main road . At the level of the church, the federal road is crossed by the state road 30 from Bernau (district Schönow ) in the direction of Mühlenbeck . The L 30 in Schönwalde is marked with the street names Bernauer Damm and Mühlenbecker Chaussee .

Public facilities

Schönwalde volunteer fire department

Fire department building

Before the Schönwalder volunteer fire brigade was founded in 1904, all citizens of the village were required to be ready to fire. The fire brigade depot built in 1906 in the center of the village was given a climbing tower on the west side in the 1930s and an extension to accommodate larger vehicles in 1997/98. The first women, four comrades, were accepted in 1964. Also in 1964 a working group for fire protection workers for children and young people was established, which was dissolved in 1990 and converted into today's youth fire brigade in March 1991 . The Schönwalde volunteer fire brigade includes 28 active comrades in operational service, 20 members of the youth fire brigade and the comrades of the senior citizens' and honorary departments as well as the members of the fire brigade support association. The fire brigade has three vehicles at their disposal in their fire station , a tank fire engine (TLF 16/25) of the Mercedes Atego type, a fire fighting group vehicle (LF 8/6) of the Mercedes Atego type and a team transport vehicle (MTF) VW T6. The fleet is complemented by a lifeboat (RTB with 25 HP engine).

Schönwalde library

The library was opened in October 1952 with a volume of 188 books as the community library of Schönwalde. It was temporarily closed from 1988 to 1989. It belongs to the Wandlitz community library as one of four locations. The holdings of the Schönwalde district library contain around 5500 books, magazines, DVDs, CDs and CD-ROMs. Readings for adults and children are also offered. The library is located in the district administration building at 5 Alte Schule .

Day care center "Traumland"

The kindergarten in Schönwalde was opened in the early 1950s. It was located at Hauptstrasse 67 until July 2003, when the new building of the "community center" at the current location, Alte Schule 5 , could be moved into. In the basement of the district administration building, the daycare center uses four large and one smaller rooms, including a creative room and a knowledge corner . The adjacent sports hall is used free of charge in the mornings. The daycare center has space for 82 children and is fully occupied. The day care center is run by the Arbeiterwohlfahrt (AWO) Bernau , Social Services 'Am Weinberg' gGmbH. On November 29, 2007, the “Traumland” day care center received the 2007 “Emmi - Parents Participate” health promotion award for the “Children learn to live” project (1st prize out of 11 applications), awarded by the state of Brandenburg's health and education department.

education

A school was set up when Schönwalde was founded. The schoolmaster and sexton house stood not far from the church on the southeast edge of the octagonal village square. The initially single-class school became a two-class due to the increase in pupils in 1847 and three-class in 1863 with 138 pupils. The lessons were given across grades.

In 1939 the elementary school, which had been Protestant and now had four classes, was converted into a non-denominational community school. After the Second World War there was a separation of the individual age groups and teaching was carried out up to the eighth, from 1958/59 up to the tenth school year. From the school year 1964/65, the former DSF school in the Waldsiedlung (behind the railway lines in the direction of Dammsmühle) served as a classroom for the fifth to tenth school year. From 1972 onwards, lessons were only taught up to the eighth grade in Schönwalde. From then on, the students in the ninth and tenth grades went to school in the neighboring village of Basdorf . Since the 1950s, high school graduates had the opportunity to obtain their higher education entrance qualification after twelve school years in Wandlitz. At the beginning of the 1970s, the local government closed the old school on the village square and converted it into a shop. In 1977 the Schönwalder School in the Waldsiedlung was affiliated with the Basdorf School and taught in the building only up to the fourth year of school.

After the Schönwalder School was continued for a short time, from 1991 as a branch of the Basdorf Primary School with expanded music lessons from the Bernau Music School, the local school was closed in the mid-1990s. School-age children from Schönwalde go to schools in the Wandlitz community in the districts of Basdorf, Wandlitz and Klosterfelde. In Wandlitz, the higher education entrance qualification can be acquired at the local grammar school.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the place

Personalities who have worked on site

literature

  • Lilian Thomas, Christel Wilke: Chronicle of the community of Schönwalde from 1753 to 1989 .
  • Festival newspaper to commemorate the 175th anniversary of Schönwalde (Niederbarnim district) . Fritz Lach printing works, Berlin-Buchholz, September 9, 1928.
  • Gerhard Zirke: Dammsmühle. Commerce, politics, frivolity in the Haus am See . Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, 1992, ISBN 3-89488-011-2 ( info ).
  • Horst Hup, Maria Müller, Inge Jahnke: A castle in the market. Memories of Dammsmühle . 4th, revised edition. Druckhaus Berlin-Mitte, 1993.
  • Ino Weber: Schönwalde and Dammsmühle Castle. History, leisure tips and great hiking tours. 2018, ISBN 978-3-7460-9199-0 .

Web links

Commons : Schönwalde  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Berlin-Buch measuring station - annual statistics. German Weather Service , Hydrometeorology Department
  2. ↑ Schönwalder Journal - Citizens' newspaper of Schönwalde, 12th year 2008, page 11
  3. ↑ Demographic development of the population in the districts of the Wandlitz community (PDF; 78 kB)
  4. ↑ Lilian Thomas, Christel Wilke: Chronicle of the community of Schönwalde from 1753 to 1989 (for the entire history section)
  5. ↑ Changes in the municipalities in Germany, see 2003. StBA
  6. ^ Sabine Rakitin: Schönwalde in shock. Märkische Oderzeitung , September 20, 2019 .;
  7. ↑ Kai-Uwe Krakau: Companions and Schönwalder say goodbye to Maria Brandt. Märkische Oderzeitung, October 20, 2019 .;
  8. ↑ Wandlitz compact , edition 22, 2020/201, p. 17.
  9. ^ Official result of the local election in the Wandlitz community, OT Schönwalde , accessed on December 7, 2019.
  10. ↑ Local coat of arms for a spinner village , article in the Märkische Oderzeitung from January 20, 1995
  11. ↑ Barnim (Schoenwalde) ( Memento from July 20, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  12. ↑ New doors based on historical models for Schönwalder Church . In: Märkischer Sonntag , July 18, 2010, p. 10
  13. ↑ A mtsblatt for the Wandlitz community , No. 8/2011 p. 3
  14. ↑ Horst Hup: A castle in the Mark - memories of Dammsmühle . Blankenburg printing house / printing house Berlin-Mitte, Bernau / Berlin 1993, p. 41 .
  15. ^ Official Journal for the municipality of Wandlitz , 4th year, No. 5/2008, p. 17, Bauamt der Gemeinde Wandlitz
  16. ^ Sports club Schönwalde im Barnim e. V.
  17. ^ Wandlitz. Citizen and visitor information 2009/10. Clubs from A to Z , p. 29/30
  18. ^ Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn AG ( Memento from December 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ Barnimer bus company
  20. ↑ Schönwalde volunteer fire department
  21. ^ "Traumland" daycare center ( Memento from August 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on February 3, 2008 in this version .