Overall system

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An overall system is a group of immovable objects , i.e. real estate (buildings, streets, squares or townscapes, plants, open spaces and water areas), which together as a building ensemble form a cultural monument , i.e. an ensemble monument .

National

Germany

In an overall facility, not every single object has to be a cultural monument; in extreme cases, none of the objects included is a cultural monument in itself ( individual monument ). Rather, all of the objects in the entire complex are a cultural monument.

All German monument protection laws know this facility, albeit under different names:

Complete systems are described in the individual state monument laws and, in their concrete creation, generally follow the procedure that also applies to individual cultural monuments. The monument law knows a special feature here, however, in countries in which the entire system deviates from the otherwise usual procedure z. B. is determined by municipal statutes. With the legal validity of the statutes, the entire facility is then subject to the provisions of the respective state monument law.

The protection of an entire complex under monument law is usually less than that of an individual cultural monument. In contrast to individual cultural monuments, it is not the substance of what is protected that is protected here, but its appearance. A historical townscape or townscape , a silhouette , visual references or the surroundings of individual buildings (open spaces, open spaces) can be protected .

Austria

Preservation area in Mariazell

In Austria, the situation is exactly the opposite of that in Germany: In principle, a protected status always relates to a building . All those building ensembles in which each individual component is of public interest, even if it is not explicitly mentioned, are shown as the “overall system”. Since the Austrian monument protection does not have any active monument protection (unconditional maintenance obligation), and the majority of the monuments have been placed under protection by legal presumption (since 2009 provisional protection by ordinance, § 2a  DMSG ), the scope and protection goal is then generally determined by a Decision determined more precisely (according to § 3 DMSG). The term “ Gesamtanlage” can be found in the title of the monument in the lists published annually by the Federal Monuments Office. The protection of an entire system does not require a designation as such. If only individual, specific parts of an ensemble monument are under protection, these - apart from the specific notification - are usually mentioned explicitly in the monument title, or shown individually several times. "Overall system" thus represents a comprehensive, strict designation.

The concept of protection of German monument law falls under the protection of the site in Austria as ensemble or environmental protection, which is designed to protect against impairment of the overall picture, and as a matter of spatial planning and land-use planning in state or municipal law (e.g. protected visual axes in the city of Salzburg) or through international obligations (such as the protection zones of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Austria and their management plans). In some cases, landscape protection classes (under state law) are designated for this purpose , where the structural system forms the core of the protected area.

Czech Republic

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Marking of a cultural monument in the Czech Republic

There are four categories of listed objects in the Czech Republic:

  1. National cultural monuments of the Czech Republic (Národní kulturní památka České republiky), including 272 particularly outstanding monuments in the Czech Republic, see List of National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic .
  2. Cultural monuments of the Czech Republic (Kulturní památka České republiky), including immovable and movable monuments in the Czech Republic, classified according to districts (Okres).
  3. Monument reserves of the Czech Republic (Památková rezervace v České republice), including urban, village and archaeological monument reserves. So are z. B. 40 cities, whose old town centers are designated as urban monument reserves, classified here, see list of urban monument reserves in the Czech Republic .
  4. Monument zones (Památková zóna v České republice), including urban, village and regional monument zones of regional importance.

Twelve sites are designated as UNESCO World Heritage , see World Heritage in the Czech Republic .

See also

literature

Germany:

  • Wolfgang Eberl among others: Bavarian Monument Protection Act. Comment with special consideration of financial and tax law aspects (= Kommunale Schriften für Bayern 15). 4th revised and expanded edition. Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-555-50094-5 .
  • Ernst-Rainer Hönes: Monument law Rhineland-Palatinate. 2nd revised edition. Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-555-45101-4 .
  • Dieter Martin , Karin Schmidt: Monument protection law in Berlin. A practical Guide. Presentation including the financial and tax law aspects. Kulturbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-88961-123-0 .
  • Dieter Martin among others: Saxon Monument Protection Act. (Sächs.DSchG). Comment. Kommunal- und Schul-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-8293-0213-4 .
  • Paul Artur Memmesheimer, Dieter Upmeier, Horst Dieter Schönstein: Monument law North Rhine-Westphalia. Commentary (= municipal writings for North Rhine-Westphalia 46). 2nd revised edition. Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-555-30269-8 .
  • Jürgen Seifert: Thuringian monument protection law. Text output with explanations. Deutscher Gemeinde-Verlag, Erfurt 1992, ISBN 3-555-56005-0 .
  • Andreas Schneider: Brandenburg Monument Protection Act. (BbgDSchG). Comment. Kommunal- und Schul-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-8293-0483-8 .
  • Hans Karsten Schmalz, Reinald Wiechert: Lower Saxony Monument Protection Act. Comment. Vincentz, Hannover 1998, ISBN 3-87870-372-4 .
  • Heinz Strobl, Ulrich Majocco, Heinz Sieche: Monument Protection Act for Baden-Württemberg. Commentary with additional legal and administrative provisions. 2nd revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart et al. 2001, ISBN 3-17-015621-7 .
  • Jan Nikolaus Viebrock and others: Monument Protection Laws (= series of publications of the German National Committee for Monument Protection 54, ISSN  0723-5747 ). 4th edition. German National Committee for Monument Protection, Bonn 2005.
  • Jan Nikolaus Viebrock: Hessian monument protection law. 3rd revised edition. Kohlhammer et al., Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-555-40310-6 .

Austria:

  • Arthur Rosenauer: Art history and preservation of monuments. In: Austrian Journal for Art and Monument Preservation (ÖZKD) LIV, No. 4, 2000, ISSN  0029-9626 , pp. 473–477 (on the concept of the entire complex / ensemble)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Here, according to the Monument Protection Act , sites of the UNESCO World Heritage are expressly listed areas (Section 2, Paragraph 2, No. 2).
  2. ↑ So z. B. in North Rhine-Westphalia.
  3. ↑ See ordinances according to § 2a DMSG on monuments in public property , bda.at
  4. ↑ List of monuments. (No longer available online.) Federal Monuments Office , archived from the original on December 30, 2015 ; accessed on December 30, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bda.at
  5. ↑ for example: complete complex, Schönbrunn Palace ( monument list entry ); Hellbrunn Palace complex, complete complex including horticultural monuments ( monument list entry )
  6. ↑ In Austria, a few dozen of the approximately 36,000 immovable monument protection objects are designated as “complete facilities”.
  7. ↑ for example: Catholic parish church hl. Wolfgang with surrounding wall and former cemetery area ( monument list entry )
  8. ↑ for example: Kartause Gaming as a former Carthusian monastery Marienthron ( monument list entry ) for the tracts of the main building with the church, 20  ex. Carthusian cell with enclosing walls (e.g. monument list entry ) (partly mentioned with further additions) and some other outbuildings, as well as the circular wall ( monument list entry ) of the entire ensemble
  9. ↑ The provisions for environmental protection of monuments in the Monument Protection Act are considered completely inadequate. Section 7th Environmental Protection DMSG relates “Avoidance of the endangerment and impairment of the existence or appearance of immovable monuments through changes in their environment” only to “the attachment of advertising signs, showcases, labels and the like”.
  10. ↑ see Federal Ministry for Education, Art and Culture, Section IV (Ed.): Culture Report 2006 . Vienna 2007, International Activities: 1. Activities within the framework of UNESCO , Section Protection of World Heritage in Austria , p. 135 , col. 1 f . ( bmukk.gv.at [PDF]).
  11. ↑ so the historical line of sight of Klessheim Castle near Salzburg as a protected part of the landscape Kleßheimer Allee  ( GLT 123 ); In addition to the monument protection law, the castle itself is also designated under nature conservation law ( Siezenheimer Au landscape protection area LSG 00050 and protected green belt according to the spatial development concept for the Salzburg metropolitan area)