Kleßheim Castle

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Kleßheim Palace (autumn 2012)
Kleßheim Castle

The Kleßheim Castle is located four kilometers west of the center of the state capital Salzburg in the area of adjacent municipality Wals (village Kleßheim ). It is surrounded by a large castle park and the Mühlbach. There is also a golf course in the historic park of the pleasure palace . The well-known Salzburg Tourism Schools are located below the edge of the terrace behind the castle .

The entire Schloss Kleßheim complex including the park are under monument protection and also belong to the Siezenheimer-Au landscape conservation area and the protected green belt of Salzburg.

history

Originally, the Kleshof was a small aristocratic residence here, which was acquired by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst Graf Thun in 1690 . On his behalf, construction of the Favorita pleasure palace began around 1700 according to plans by Fischer von Erlach . After the archbishop's death in 1709, construction was already well advanced, but was stopped for the time being by his successor, Archbishop Franz Anton von Harrach , who primarily devoted himself to the expansion of Mirabell Palace . It was not until Archbishop Leopold Anton von Firmian , the builder of Leopoldskron Castle , that Kleßheim Castle was completed with many compromises compared to the original plan.

The building, which is still worth seeing, consists of three elegantly decorated floors, with the large ballroom with its high, airy dome in the slightly raised main wing. The terrace of the portal in the middle of the main wing was not added until 1723. At the beginning of the driveway there is a lying deer on each outer plinth, the antlers of which are adorned with golden stars, an allusion to the coat of arms of Archbishop Firmian. The adjacent two-armed ramp leads in a wide arc from the baroque central ornamental garden, which Archbishop Hieronymus Franz Josef von Colloredo had converted into an English garden , up to the castle.

Archduke Ludwig Viktor was a resident of the palace

During the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , the castle was owned from 1866 by Archduke Ludwig Viktor , who commissioned the architect Heinrich von Ferstel with the construction of the winter castle , the Kavalierhaus .

Between 1925 and 1935 Elizabeth Duncan , Isadora Duncan's sister , ran the Elizabeth Duncan School in Schloss Kleßheim, which was also attended in 1928 by Lucia Joyce , the daughter of James Joyce , which is why James Joyce and his partner Nora Barnacle spent the entire festival season in 1928 spent in Salzburg.

Adler by Jakob Adlhart , driveway

From 1938, Adolf Hitler used the palace for state receptions and work meetings when he was staying on his private estate, the Berghof on Obersalzberg . For this purpose, the fenced-in area was provided with entrance portals in the style of the 1930s. Hitler received Benito Mussolini , Miklós Horthy , Ion Antonescu and others here. An assassination attempt by General Hellmuth Stieff planned there did not materialize. Kleßheim Palace was the scene of gun shows and parades. At the end of the war, the presidential administration stranded here on the way to the Alpine fortress . In 1945 Kleßheim Palace was the scene of the Allies' victory celebrations, then the seat of the American military administration.

Today Kleßheim Palace is owned by the State of Salzburg . The castle was also used as the backdrop for the film The Great Race Around the World with actors Jack Lemmon , Tony Curtis and Peter Falk .

The state of Salzburg used the castle as a guest house for state visitors for a long time. The casino , which has been located in Mönchsberg , has been housed in Kleßheim Castle since 1993 .

Tower house Kleßheim

Here, under Archbishop Firmian, a wrought-iron tower clock was built by Joseph Christoph Schmidt as a striking and pointer clock for the tower house with a guardroom and clock tower. A sundial was originally installed under the south side of the four dials . Through Johann Bentele sen. In 1794 it was converted to hook walk , which led to greater reliability and accuracy.

Garden area

The gardens belonging to the castle, which is provided with a high castle wall and 11 guard houses (shooting houses or summer houses), probably consisted of three parts, each separated by walls, from the beginning, but certainly since the time of Archbishop Firmian: the central ornamental garden with the castle in the center, the Meierhofgarten (farm garden) with the Meierhof in the south - and the large pheasant garden (hunting garden) with the Belvedere castle, built by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (today called Hoyos - Stöckl ) in the north. The guard house with its striking clock tower at the entrance to the ornamental garden in the garden concept dates from the time of Archbishop Firmian. The baroque ornamental garden was once provided with many ornamental water basins with allegorical figures and fountains. Also found next to flowery ornamental beds boskets -Ziergehölz and mazes. Parts of this delicate baroque ornamental garden were converted into garden fields designed in the English style under Archbishop Colloredo. In the time of National Socialism, this English garden, which was now overgrown, was revitalized in parts as a baroque complex using old specifications. After 1955, it was largely transformed into a golf course (Golf & Country Club Salzburg) .

The Meier courtyard garden with adjoining large orchard served also essential to the maintenance and dissemination little-known vegetables and fruits, and obtained in 1817 at the first targeted Salzburg planting of seed potatoes (with exact instructions of the court gardener Kleßheimer) on Pongauer farmer fields significance. The Meierhofgarten and the originally Baroque ornamental garden, including the castle and Meierhof, face the Johannsspitalkirche in Mülln , which Johann Ernst von Thun donated and had it built in 1699–1703 according to plans by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach . Today the Kavalierhaus and parts of the Kleßheim Agricultural School are located in this former garden .

The large pheasant garden owned until the middle of the 20th century:

  • a main axis from the Hojos-Stöckl via the later walled-up Lieferinger Tor to the parish church of Mülln and the Capuchin monastery, but also
  • a dominant avenue planted north-south route axis from the same gate to the northern Rott gate as well
  • Cross axes that are or were aligned with the pilgrimage church of Maria Plain (dominantly located on the Plainberg).

In the center of the baroque hunting garden (which thus consisted of strictly segmented forest areas in which wild fields were stored) was a large fountain. This baroque hunting garden, although it is owned by the State of Salzburg, was increasingly converted into a golf course after the Second World War and gradually redesigned according to technical requirements and with little consideration for the historical heritage. The closed park with its straight baroque path axes was inevitably affected. By far the largest part of the historic castle park with the Fischer-von-Erlach-Bau Hojos-Stöckl is therefore not available to the general public as a recreational area.

The entire complex has been a landscape protection area  ( LSG 00050 ) since 1976 , it is also under monument protection as a building and garden monument according to the Monument Protection Act , and in addition, Kleßheimer Allee , the historical visual axis , from the castle to the motorway, is designated as a protected landscape section  ( GLT 00123 ). Today this area also belongs to the protected green belt according to the spatial development concept for the Salzburg metropolitan area (REK).

Web links

Commons : Schloss Klessheim  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Ingrid Holzschuh: Otto Strohmayr (1900 - 1945): Hitler's architect for the redesign of the city of Salzburg under National Socialism , series of publications of the Archives of the City of Salzburg 41, Böhlau, 2015 (also dissertation at the University of Vienna , 2011, pp. 43–53)
  • Reinhard Medicus: The most royal palace Favoritta in Klesheimb and its old park . In: Bastei - magazine of the Salzburg City Association for the preservation and care of buildings, culture and society. 55 Volume Salzburg 2006. 1st episode, pp. 10-17.
  • Hans Sedlmayr : Comments on Klesheim Castle in communications from the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Volume 109, Salzburg 1969

proof

  1. ^ Frank-Manuel Peter (ed.): Isadora & Elizabeth Duncan in Deutschland / in Germany. Wienand, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-87909-645-7 .
    Duncan School. In: Adolf Haslinger, Peter Mittermayr (ed.): Salzburger Kulturlexikon. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg / Vienna 1987, p. 119.
  2. ^ Andreas Weigel : James Joyce's stays in Austria. Innsbruck (1928), Salzburg (1928) and Feldkirch (1915, 1932). In: Michael Ritter (Hrsg.): Praesent 2006. The Austrian Literature Yearbook. The literary events in Austria from July 2004 to June 2005. präsens, Vienna 2005, pp. 93-105.
  3. ↑ 1942 Mussolini visits Hitler in Klessheim Palace (video, youtube.com)
  4. ^ Wolfhart Fally: Public time displays in Salzburg. In Bastei - The magazine of the Salzburg City Association. 68th year, 2019, pp. 4–10.
  5. ↑ Golf & Country Club Salzburg . In: Salzburger Nachrichten: Salzburgwiki .
  6. ^ Siezenheimer-Au in the nature conservation book of the State of Salzburg
  7. ^ Kleßheimer Allee in the nature conservation book of the State of Salzburg
  8. ↑ REK 2007 declaration 'Geschützes Grünland' , Salzburg stadt-salzburg.at → urban planning

Coordinates: 47 ° 49 ′ 10 ″  N , 12 ° 59 ′ 31 ″  E