Altenhof (Wandlitz)

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Outlines of the remains of the Altenhof between the Schönerlind enclosure and Schönerlinde (1767–1787)

The Altenhof in the Schönerlinde district was a monastery farm ( grangie ) of the Lehnin monastery . It was created in the 13th century and existed until about the 16th century. Today's desert is located in the south of the Wandlitz community , about three kilometers north of the city limits of Berlin , 1500 meters northwest of the village of Schönerlinde and 900 meters southwest of the village of Schönwalde .

The remains of the farm yard are covered by an agricultural field. A small still water southwest of the former location reminds of the past , which is marked on maps as "Klosterpfuhl". The Altenhof extended on the area north and east of the lake, which can be recognized by the black colored changes in the soil. In the east they reach up to the north-south path that formed a section of the former Bernauer Heerstraße , run there about 100 meters and end about 100 meters north of the cloister pool.

history

As early as 1210, under Margrave Albrecht II of Brandenburg , the Ascanians had consolidated their rule over the Barnim and the southern Uckermark . She was in later contracts with the dukes Wartislaw III. de facto recognized by Pommern-Demmin and Barnim I. von Pommern-Stettin . After the Brandenburg tithe dispute , which ended in 1238 through a papal settlement, Schönerlinde was first mentioned in a document in 1242, when the town of Schönerlind and other villages were owned by the jointly ruling Margraves Johann I and Otto III. in exchange for possessions on the " hanging mountain " near Fürstenwalde was given to the Lehnin monastery. According to information in a later document, the margraves reserved the Bede as well as the carriage and army service.

Remains of the combustion chamber of a heater from the 13th / 14th centuries century
Original soot-blackened bricks from the exposed combustion chamber

To manage the 33  Hufen land (around 561 hectares ) acquired near Schönerlinde, the Cistercian monks of the monastery on the old Bernauer Heerstraße between Blankenfelde and Eberswalde built a farmyard, the Hof zu Schönerlinde , which was first mentioned in writing in the middle of the 14th century . In a document issued in Brandenburg an der Havel in 1357 on the occasion of the thirtieth award in the villages of Gohlitz and Wachow in the villages of Gohlitz and Wachow by Bishop Dietrich II. Kothe of Brandenburg , the Hofmeister zu Schönerlinde, the Converse Petrus, is named as a witness : "Petrus Conversus, magister curiae Schönerlinde ” . The monastery estates in Basdorf (acquired in 1302) and Mühlenbeck mit Summt (acquired in 1415) were also managed from the farm in Schönerlinde, laid out on the southern tree line of Schönerlindschen Geheges , which later became the Schönwalder Forest .

During the reign of Emperor Karl IV. The von Röbel auf Buch and von Bredow auf Buchholz families had acquired shares in the Bede in Schönerlinde, which von Röbel in 1425 sold in full and that of Bredow in 1427 to the Lehnin monastery. A document from 1440 reports that Elector Friedrich II zu Schönerlinde decided a dispute between Bishop Stephan Bodecker of Brandenburg and the pastor of Strausberg over the sacrifice on the Krähenberge in front of Strausberg, whereby the monastery courtyard would be the only possible quarter that at that time could have provided sufficient accommodation for the prince and his entourage. The likelihood of the elector's stay at the Schönerlinde court is also based on the right of storage, the right to take up quarters for the princes in the monasteries or on their property.

In the middle of the 15th century, the Lehnin monastery in Mühlenbeck built a new farmyard. Probably due to a lack of lay brothers who ran the Schönerlinde farm, the previous Freihof, as a farm exempt from tithe and other taxes and not subject to any secular law, was converted into a leasehold with fiefdoms under Abbot Arnold von Monnickendam . In a document from 1458, Elector Friedrich II testifies to the monastery that

“The worthy and devout, our advice and dearly loyal Mr. Arnold, Abbot zu Lehnin, the yard at Schönerlinde, which was free with his hooves, and with our will and favor he made lease hooves. For this we have given him, his abovementioned monastery and descendants, and the new farm that he is having built in Mühlenbeck, to work on these farms and hooves, namely the farm with 6 hooves that Hans von der Linden now has , Tolges yard with 2 hooves, Görgen Saxony's yard with 3 hooves and Merten Sassen's yard with 2 hooves, all located in the village and the Feldmark zu Schönerlinde, so that the named yards and hooves and those who will own them in future times are included all service to serve at Mühlenbeck and added, confirmed and to remain forever. "

The importance of the Hof zu Schönerlinde was then transferred to the new Hof zu Mühlenbeck, in later documents the Hofmeister zu Schönerlinde is no longer mentioned, but the one from Mühlenbeck. The Schönerlinder Hof became the Alte Hof or Altenhof . In addition to the areas previously cultivated by the old farm, the monastery estates of Schildow were added to the management of the Mühlenbecker Hof (acquisition in 1476).

Even in 1505 it says in a document of official and Erbregisters to Mühlenbeck that Schönerlinde 21  Haefner and 12  Kossäten have who are required to "hand and Fußdiensten" the monastery. With the introduction of the Reformation from 1539 under Joachim II , the monastery property fell to the elector through secularization in 1542. Schönerlinde including the old court was placed under the electoral domain office Mühlenbeck in 1561 and managed by an official clerk. Based on the list of 48 hooves for Schönerlinde in the land book of Charles IV of 1375, the increase to 81 hooves, which are mentioned in 1624, can be traced back to the entry of the monastery properties. The Altenhof , which was no longer needed , fell into disrepair, which may have been accelerated by the effects of the Thirty Years' War . Still recognizable as a ruin in 1714 , around 1750 many of the stones from the former cloister courtyard were used for local buildings until the last remnants disappeared around 1830.

Surface and excavation finds

On November 7, 1941, a Willy Wilke, according to his own statements, delivered excavations made in the autumn of 1932, which he found 2.2 kilometers northwest of the Schönerlinder Church with the property owner on his farmland, a Mr. Schulze from Schönerlinde, a descendant of the village Schulzen there . The finds were gray-blue shards. Mr. Wilke said in handwriting about his “surface finds around the cloister pond”: “This would be a confirmation of the location like Wilhelm Tessendorff in his essay“ Altenhof bei Schönerlinde, ... A disappeared Grangie of the monastery Lehnin ” Brandenburgia 1930 p. 138 from the Literature has closed. ”Willy Wilke, knowing the article by Wilhelm Tessendorff, had probably looked specifically for remains of the Altenhof.

Excavation of the Berlin University of Technology and Economics in May 2011

On February 25, 1942, F. Paulus, a nurse from Berlin, from Rathenower Strasse 30, gave the Department of Prehistory and Early History of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin a piece of flint, broken pieces, burnt clay and iron slag, which he received on September 25, 1938 found on the surface of the site of the former Altenhof. According to the entry note E 173-4E 173-42, the finds were transferred to the Brandenburg State Office for Prehistory and Early History.

The more recent finds include the surface finds by Schönwalder Hanns-Eckard Sternberg northeast of the cloister pond. On April 4, 2002, he collected 12 edge fragments, 4 saddle-handle fragments, 34 belted wall fragments and 155 undecorated wall fragments. Of stoneware found Sternberg 2 white gray and ocher edge pieces and one Wandungsscherbe and 2 reddish brown edge shards and 6 Wandungsscherben. There are also 16  fragments of bricks and roof tiles and 2 pieces of slag . The finds are now in the Frankfurt (Oder) branch of the Brandenburg State Museum for Prehistory and Early History.

The first archaeological excavation at the former site of the Altenhof, a surface excavation, took place in 2004. It was carried out by the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation. Forged iron nails, iron bolts and other things were found with metal detectors . From May 16 to 31, 2011, the Berlin University of Technology and Economics carried out an excavation northeast of the Klosterpfuhl . Under the direction of Dr. Thomas Schenk, excavation technology and geoarchaeology students examined the soil layers to a depth of almost three meters. At a depth of 1.70 meters on an area of ​​3.00 x 0.60 meters, the remains of a combustion chamber for an underfloor hot air heater were found. In addition to various ceramic shards, a coin is an outstanding find. It shows a portrait of a ruler with a sword and eagle and the inscription "OTTO" on the edge. The coin could not yet be dated.

literature

  • Wilhelm Tessendorff: Altenhof near Schönerlinde, Nieder-Barnim district . A missing grangie from the Lehnin monastery. In: Brandenburgia . No. 39 . Monthly newspaper of the Society for Local Studies of the Province of Brandenburg in Berlin, Berlin 1930, p. 138-143 .
  • Wilhelm Tessendorff: The re-Germanization of Barnim in the Askanierzeit . In: District Committee of the Niederbarnim District (Ed.): Calendar 1937 for the Niederbarnim District . Wilhelm Möller GmbH, Oranienburg 1936, p. 42-44 ( online [accessed June 23, 2011]).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Tessendorff: Altenhof near Schönerlinde, Nieder-Barnim district . A missing grangie from the Lehnin monastery. In: Brandenburgia . No. 39 . Monthly newspaper of the Society for Local Studies of the Province of Brandenburg in Berlin, Berlin 1930, p. 139 .
  2. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Early times between the Baltic Sea and the Danube . In: Berlin historical studies . tape 6 . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05151-3 , The advance of German rule in Teltow and Barnim, p. 297 ff . ( Online [accessed June 21, 2011]).
  3. ↑ Schönerlinde. www.wandlitz.de, accessed on June 21, 2011 .
  4. ^ Community Schönerlinde (ed.): Schönerlinder Chronik 1242-1992 . 750 years of Schönerlinde. Graphics & typesetting studio AFG, Bernau 1992, p. 1/2 ( Online [accessed June 25, 2011]).
  5. ↑ a b William Tessendorff: Altenhof at Schönerlinde, Circle Lower Barnim . A missing grangie from the Lehnin monastery. In: Brandenburgia . No. 39 . Monthly newspaper of the Society for Local Studies of the Province of Brandenburg in Berlin, Berlin 1930, p. 140/141 .
  6. ^ Community Schönerlinde (ed.): Schönerlinder Chronik 1242-1992 . 750 years of Schönerlinde. Graphics & typesetting studio AFG, Bernau 1992, p. 3 ( Online [accessed June 25, 2011]).
  7. ↑ a b William Tessendorff: Altenhof at Schönerlinde, Circle Lower Barnim . A missing grangie from the Lehnin monastery. In: Brandenburgia . No. 39 . Monthly newspaper of the Society for Local Studies of the Province of Brandenburg in Berlin, Berlin 1930, p. 142 .
  8. ↑ Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery, 1180-1542 . In: Studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians . tape 12.1 . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-45-2 , p. 264 ( online [accessed June 26, 2011]).
  9. ^ Community Schönerlinde (ed.): Schönerlinder Chronik 1242-1992 . 750 years of Schönerlinde. Graphics & typesetting studio AFG, Bernau 1992, p. 7 ( Online [accessed June 25, 2011]).
  10. ↑ The past brought to light . Remains of the monastery estate from the 13th century discovered near Schönwalde. In: Märkische Oderzeitung . Barnim echo. Frankfurt (Oder) June 2011, p. 15 .
  11. ↑ Renate Getter: The history of the Altenhof . In: Chronicle sheets . 01/08, edition 2011. Schönwalder Bürger e. V., Schönwalde 2011, Archaeological dig in May 2011, p. 3 .

Web links

Commons : Altenhof  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 52 ° 40 ′ 8 ″  N , 13 ° 25 ′ 28 ″  E