Ju-Jutsu

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German Ju-Jutsu is a modern, open self-defense system as well as a classic martial art and a competitive sport with different disciplines.

Ju-Jutsu (Japanese 柔 術) as (translated) "soft art" is mainly based on self-defense techniques. Each defense technique can be used against several types of attack (compare attack levels ). In combinations, the techniques can be meaningfully combined and used in the free defense against free attacks as real self-defense. With this method, the greatest possible benefit is achieved through variable application from the start with a small selection of defense techniques. Existing concepts are continuously expanded and optimized without adhering to the restrictions of certain styles or philosophies (compare Jeet Kune Do ). That is why ju-jutsu is also a form of self-defense that is suitable for everyone, whether small or large, young or old. Everyone can specialize in Ju-Jutsu in techniques that are suitable for them. The ju-jutsu practitioners are known as ju-jutsuka .

The sport is organized by the umbrella organization Deutscher Ju-Jutsu-Verband (DJJV) in the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB). This further develops the system of rules and the examination regulations, regulates the award of belt degrees and takes on the organization of competitions. There are also sports associations that practice Ju-Jutsu. However, these are not organized in the German Olympic Sports Confederation and have their own regulations, statutes and examination regulations. The best-known association is the German Dan Kollegium .

Ju-Jutsuka in traditional keikogi while practicing

history

Origins

The roots of modern ju-jutsu are aikidō and judo (which arose from traditional martial arts such as daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu , kitō-ryū and tenjin shinyō-ryū and in turn contain many jiu-jitsu elements) and karate . From each of these martial arts the best techniques for the Ju-Jutsu system were taken. The techniques were tailored to the needs of Ju-Jutsu and are therefore not necessarily carried out exactly as in the original Budō sport from which they originate.

Aikido Leverage and throwing techniques
Judo Fall, throw, lever and ground techniques
karate Atemi techniques (punches and kicks)

As a result of the reform in 2000, techniques from martial arts such as kick or Thai boxing and wrestling as well as techniques from the Chinese and Filipino martial arts have been included in addition to the three above-mentioned fighting styles . The knife and stick defense was largely taken from the Filipino martial arts. The most effective techniques for self-defense are used from every martial art and every martial art , tailored to the Ju-Jutsuka and combined with other techniques of various martial arts and martial arts types.

Emergence

In 1967 Franz-Josef Gresch , Werner Heim , Otto Brief, Richard Unterburger, Klaus Münstermann and other Dan bearers were commissioned by the German Dan College to put together techniques from Jiu Jitsu, Judo, Karate, Aikido and other martial arts into a new self-defense system . The client was the Federal Ministry of the Interior, which was looking for an effective, style-neutral and multi-style system of unarmed self-defense for the police, customs, justice and the armed forces . From the martial arts styles mentioned, those techniques were summarized that appeared to be best for the daily practice of these professional groups. Since the "gentle" techniques outweighed kicks and punches, it was called the "gentle art", ju-jutsu. The first full version of the new system of rules was published on April 22, 1969.

In 1990 the independent umbrella organization “ German Ju-Jutsu Association ” was founded, which is independent of the German Judo Association and the German Dan College. The federal group Ju-Jutsu in the German Dan-Kollegium dissolved in 1992. In 2000 the DJJV put new examination regulations into effect. A working group headed by Bernd Hillebrand, 7th Dan and then Technical Director at the DJJV, fundamentally revised the program. Aspects of the methodical structure, improvement of the duel behavior and a significantly more sporting orientation were in the foreground.

development

Because of its open concept, Ju-Jutsu quickly found supporters among the employees of the security authorities ( police , judiciary , federal police , customs ), who had got to know it as unarmed self-defense in their authority . They carried it from the authorities to sports clubs , and a wide variety of umbrella organizations soon emerged in which Ju-Jutsu was practiced. In order to pursue organized sport in the form of competitions and to have uniform and comparable graduation standards, these associations issued examination and competition regulations that are valid for their areas. Since then, ju-jutsu is no longer a completely open system. Even if these examination regulations did not restrict the scope of the techniques, but merely stipulated which techniques must be performed at least for a graduation, the impression arose for many, including many Ju-Jutsuka, that only these techniques are the "official" Techniques act. Various examination and competition regulations were spread nationwide.

Principle and technology

Ju-Jutsu consists of the following elements:

Ju means to give in or to evade, literally "gentle" and Jutsu "art" or "trick". Ju-Jutsu is the art of conquering with the attacker's strength by giving in or evading. If necessary, however, an attack can also be warded off in direct form using "Atemi techniques" (push, punch, kick or block techniques). All attacks are used in hard or soft form according to the principle of proportionality. The free translation of Ju is better done with "flexible", Ju-Jutsu is the art of reacting flexibly and in many ways to an attack.

The sequences of movements are learned and automated through constant practice. In training battles - Randori - the use of the techniques can be practiced and tested in realistic situations.

Belt grades

The belt degree indicates a person's progress in ju-jutsu. To be distinguished into student (Kyū) and master (Dan) degrees. The belt is acquired by passing an examination or by being awarded. Dan degrees above 5th Dan can only be awarded. 6th Dan or higher are also known as grandmasters.

Student grades

With Kyū students grades are designated. Exams up to the 3rd Kyū are carried out in the club. In some federal states, the exams for the 1st and 2nd Kyū are also carried out in a club, but in others at the district or state level. In principle, for an examination for the 1st or 2nd Kyū, a second, non-association examiner is called in.

Kyu degree 6. Kyu 5. Kyu 4. Kyu 3. Kyu 2. Kyu 1. Kyu

Belt color
0 		White yellow orange green blue brown
Preparation time (Beginner) 6 months 6 months 6 months 6 months 12 months

Student grades under 14 years

Children's examination regulations have been drawn up for children to motivate them and lead them to the next full seat belt. For children, the grades are divided as follows:

Kyu degree 6. Kyu 6.1 Kyu 6.2 Kyu 5. Kyu 5.1 Kyu 5.2 Kyu 4. Kyu 4.1 Kyu 3. Kyu 3.1 Kyu 2. Kyu 2.1 Kyu
Belt color White
White with
yellow
Patch

White-
yellow

 yellow
yellow with
orange-colored
Patch

yellow-
orange

 orange

orange-
green

 green

green-
blue

 blue

blue-
brown
Minimum age free 7 years 8 years 9 years ten years 11 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 13 years 14 years 14 years

Master degrees

The kyū, the students, are followed by the Dan grades for the “master”. A minimum age of 18 years is required for the 1st Dan. The 1st Dan must be obtained through an examination; all other grades can also be awarded. The last graduation that can be obtained by exam is the 5th Dan. All other degrees are awarded.

Dan degree 1st Dan 2nd Dan 3rd Dan 4th Dan 5th Dan 6th Dan 7th Dan 8th Dan 9th Dan 10th Dan
Belt color black black black black black red- red- red- red red
White White White
Preparation time 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years

At the end of the belt, stripes can be worn to distinguish between Dan grades. It is also possible to wear red and black or continue to wear the black belt instead of red and white. The examination programs are set out in regulations that are also accessible online.

Competition systems

Various competitions take place in Ju-Jutsu, which are organized by different groups and associations. The competition systems are

  • Duo system
  • Fighting system
  • Newaza
  • Form competition
  • All-fight

The fighting system and the duo system differ primarily in that in fighting everyone fights for himself ("man against man" with freely selectable techniques and tactics). In the duo, a pair of fighters starts and presents rehearsed self-defense combinations, which (comparable to figure skating) are rated by five judges with one to ten points. Both forms of combat are carried out on a mat area of ​​12 × 12 meters. A main or mat referee (HK) and two side referees (SK) as well as a table referee are used in fighting . The duo has a main referee or mat referee and the referee, consisting of five licensed referees.

Ju-Jutsu Fighting

Course of the fight and general regulations

The fighting time of a fight is 1 × 3 minutes, in the younger age groups 1 × 2 minutes. Up until the year 2000 it was 2 × 2 minutes with a one-minute break from the fight. It is fought with a red or blue belt according to international guidelines. Wearing protective equipment, consisting of shin guards and instep protectors, hand guards is mandatory, mouthguards are also mandatory for young people and groin guards for boys. Shin guards, instep guards and hand guards must be worn in the same color as the belt. The first called in a fight wears red, the second called blue.

The three parts

The ju-jutsu fighting competition consists of three parts.

  • In the first part , the fighters try to score with punches and kicks (breathi techniques). Only round kicks and punches that come from the side may be used, which may only touch the head lightly (light contact). With breathi techniques to the head, attention is paid to a controlled execution. The first part also includes breathing techniques for the body, which must also be carried out in a controlled manner, but are allowed with slightly stronger contact (half contact). Techniques are allowed here.
  • In the second part , both fighters should have made grip contact after about 20 seconds, otherwise there is a penalty. This part tries to bring the opponent to the ground solely by throwing or using a lever.
  • The third part is the ground fight. The goal here is to hold your opponent for 15 seconds with the help of a locking technique or to get him to surrender prematurely with a choke or lever technique. If there is no winner after three minutes (Wazaari and Ippon are equal in points), after a break of one minute a second fight time of three minutes will be fought.

The minimum recovery time between two fights is one fight time (3 min.).

You can switch between the three parts at will:

  • Loosening the handle in part 2 leads to the transition to part 1
  • Getting up from part 3 leads to the transition to part 2 when grasped, without grasping to part 1

Referee

There are three mat referees (one main referee and two side referees) and one table referee. The table judge is responsible for the correct counting of scores, points and punishments. At his side are two assistant referees who take the time, write down the points and call the next fighters. In some federal states, assistant referees are trained through a license course (for example at the Hamburg Ju-Jutsu Association). The main referee assigns the scores together with the side judges and directs the fight; for example, it signals the start and end of a hold time.

Scoring in the Ju-Jutsu-Fighting competition

There are basically two types of ratings:

  • Wazaari : small rating, one point
  • Ippon : great score, two or three points

The fighters get small scores for partially blocked breathing techniques (part 1), for unclean throws and transitions from standing to the ground (part 2) as well as for keeping the opponent on the ground in a controlled manner for ten to 14 seconds. Fighters get great ratings for a combination of beaten and unblocked breathi techniques (part 1). In part 2, the fighter receives an ippon for levering or choking techniques while standing, in which the opponent knocks off, or for perfect throws. In part 3, the fighter receives an ippon for holding the opponent in a controlled manner for 15 seconds. For lever and strangulation techniques on the ground, in which the opponent knocks off, the fighter receives an ippon with three points.

Points counting and full ippon

The three referees signal their evaluation by means of colored armbands and the vertical (Ippon) or horizontal (Wazaari) lifting of the respective arm. These are mostly taken by all three judges and the points are added up. If a fighter achieves an Ippon (Full Ippon) in all three parts, he wins the fight prematurely with 14: 0 regardless of the score.

Penalty points

If a fighter breaks the rules, he will be punished as follows:

  • Shido : for easy offenses; Opponent receives one point
  • Chui : for serious offenses; Opponent receives two points
  • Hansokumake : for particularly serious offenses; Disqualification, the opponent wins

Shido are not added up, but two Chui result in a Hansokumake and thus result in disqualification. Examples of minor offenses are too passive or self-endangering fighting style, deep kicks or hitting the opponent on the ground or during grip contact. Serious offenses are, for example, too hard a fighting style or throwing the opponent out of the fighting area. Lever on the spine or the neck as well as the deliberate injury of the opponent are examples of particularly serious offenses and lead to disqualification.

Goal of the competition

The aim of the competition system is to symbolize a defense situation that is as realistic as possible. A competitor is exposed to a stressful situation in a fight in which he has to assert himself. In a competitive situation, responsiveness, endurance, speed, mental and physical resilience and optimal technique are required. A fighter must also be able to fight tactically and change his techniques within seconds. Therefore, it is precisely these properties that are necessary for self-defense that have to be specially trained. The judges are instructed to ensure that the techniques are carried out in a controlled manner by the fighters. Of course, the ju-jutsu competition system has more to offer besides the useful self-defense aspect. Thanks to the diversity of the techniques allowed, every fighter has the opportunity to develop and implement their own individual style and tactics. The most important thing about sport should always be in the foreground, and that is having fun in sport and thus fair play.

In Germany there are different types of tournaments at which martial artists can compete.

  • Junior tournaments (Pader Fighting Cup in Paderborn, Geldener Challenge Cup in Geldern)
  • Qualification tournaments (state championships, group championships west, south, north and east as well as German individual championships)
  • International tournaments (German Open, Kodokan Open)
  • Bundesliga

The German international tournaments are also qualifying tournaments, but for the world championships. Members of the state and federal squad are not allowed to start at junior tournaments; the function of these tournaments is to promote the next generation and not to scare them off with superior opponents. There are also types of tournaments that may only be held within the police force or only by enrolled students (police championships, university championships).

Combat classes

The fighting classes differ according to age, weight and gender. In the age groups, a distinction is made between senior citizens, U 21, U 18, U 15, U 12, U 10. The year of birth of the fighter, i.e. the year of birth, is decisive for the classification into the age groups.

The following weight classes apply to women (seniors):

  • up to 49 kg
  • up to 55 kg
  • up to 62 kg
  • up to 70 kg
  • over 70 kg

The following weight classes apply to men (seniors):

  • up to 56 kg
  • up to 62 kg
  • up to 69 kg
  • up to 77 kg
  • up to 85 kg
  • up to 94 kg
  • over 94 kg

In the U12 and younger there are no fixed weight classes, but there is a division in which the fighters may have a maximum difference of 5 kg.

Duo system

In a duo competition, two partners compete together and perform an exhibition match after predefined attacks. Are evaluated here u. a. the cleanliness and precision with which the techniques shown are applied, as well as the dynamic overall impression. For a viewer it is often not recognizable that it is a rehearsed exhibition fight, as experienced duo fighters display a dynamic that corresponds to a real confrontation.

There are 20 attacks, which are divided into 4 series of 5 attacks each:

Series A: Detention Attacks

  1. Grip on the wrist
  2. Lapel grip
  3. Choking from the front or from behind
  4. Choking from the side
  5. Handle to shoulder from behind

Series B: Embrace Attacks

  1. Body gripping from the front above or below the arms
  2. Body hugging from behind above or below the arms
  3. Headlock from the side
  4. Headlock from the front
  5. Choking from behind with the forearm

Series C: punches and kicks

  1. Punch to the head
  2. Punch to the middle of the body
  3. Outside edge of hand blow to neck
  4. Kick forward to the center of the body
  5. Semi-circular foot kick to the center of the body

Series D: Gun Attacks

  1. Knife from above outside, right-handed
  2. Straight knife stab to the middle of the body, right-handed
  3. Knife stab from above inside in dagger position
  4. Hit the stick from above
  5. Hit the stick diagonally from above outside

From each series, the duo pairs must alternately perform 3 attacks. The referee usually consists of 5 referees and the mat referee who announces the attacks. The jury rates the techniques shown with 0 to 10 points. The highest and the lowest number of points fall out of the evaluation, so that 3 evaluations remain. The mat referee will decide which techniques the fighters have to show before the fight; both teams must demonstrate these techniques. The second pair of combat receives the same attacks in a different order.

Form competition

In the form competition, martial arts techniques are combined with show effects to form a total work of art. This is where the show is indeed rated. The Red Tigers of the DJJV are very well known .

Ju-Jutsu-Allkampf competition system

Ju-Jutsu Allkampf has been the official Ju-Jutsu competition system since the 1970s, first in the DJB and from 1992 in the DJJV. In 1998 it was replaced by JJ-Fighting in the DJJV and has since taken place outside the DJJV and in full contact.

Ju-Jutsu Allkampf has a judge system. Referees can acquire a license after having completed extensive training and passed the examination. Two license levels are currently planned:

  • B licenses serve as an entry-level license. They are issued as licenses for side, point and table judges.
  • The A license represents the highest license level of the JJ-Allkampf. Main referees at larger all-fight events (especially Hamburg Cup, German championship etc.) must hold this license.

In ju-jutsu all-round combat there is the following scoring, only targeted and controlled techniques are assessed.

  • Atemi techniques:
    • Hit with hand or foot: one point
    • easily recognizable, nicely executed hit with the foot to the head: three points
  • Throwing Techniques:
    • clearly recognizable and cleanly executed throwing technique: three points
    • bring it to the ground without any discernible technique or unclean throw: a point
  • Soil Techniques:
    • Permitted breathing techniques for the head or body: one point (a maximum of five points possible)
    • Holding technique in the floor position for 15 seconds: three points

Holding techniques in the ground position are only assessed if the holding fighter a) controls the opponent so that he can no longer use effective Atemi and b) masters the situation so that he can interrupt the holding technique and leave the ground fight, i.e. not under the Held lies, is bracketed etc.

It is fought in the following weight classes:

Youth B, U 15 (age group: 12, 13, 14 years) male: -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, + 65kg female: -40, -45, -50, -55, -60, + 60kg
Youth A, U18 (age group: 15, 16, 17 years)   male: -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, + 80kg female: -50, -55, -60, -65, + 65kg
Seniors, from 18 years (age group!) male: -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, -85, -90, + 90kg   female: -50, -55, -60, -65, -70, + 70kg

It is possible to also allow younger age groups or to merge weight classes if necessary.

A fight goes over two rounds of two minutes each with a break of one minute. However, the fight can be ended early by a fighter by forcing his opponent to give up (by using lever or choking techniques), by technical superiority (twelve points ahead) or by counting the opponent wins (KO). In addition, disqualifications and, in special cases, cancellations by the jury are possible (on the advice of a doctor).

There is also the so-called “Ju-Jutsu-Allkampf-Pro-Rules”. After this, as in Ju-Jutsu all-round combat, the fight is in full contact with the body, but also with the head. Here, however, a fight lasts three rounds (two minutes per round with a one-minute break between the rounds).

Note: In addition to the official Ju-Jutsu all-round competition, smaller tournaments with adapted rules are also held at club level.

Grandmaster

Surname graduation annotation
Franz-Josef Gresch 10th Dan Co-founder of Ju-Jutsu, co-founder of the DJJV , Honorary President of the DJJV
Heinz Lamadé 9th Dan Honorary President of the Ju Jutsu Association Baden eV
Joseph Art 9th Dan Honorary President of the Ju-Jutsu-Verband Bayern eV
Dieter Call 9th Dan Head coach of the Ju-Jutsu department of the DJK Roland Stolberg eV
Peter Schneider 9th Dan Speaker for Jiu Jitsu in the Schleswig-Holstein Ju-Jutsu Association and in the DJJV
Heinrich Conrads 9th Dan Honorary President of the Lower Saxony Ju-Jutsu Association
Roland Koehler 9th Dan President of the DJJV , national coach of the DJJV , vice-president of popular sports of the Ju-Jutsu-Verband Bayern eV
Peter Nehls 8th Dan former national coach of the DJJV
Norbert van Soest 8th Dan
Willy Vollberg 8th Dan
Walter Wehrmann 8th Dan
Georg Riebartsch 8th Dan
Rolf Kühnel 8th Dan
Dieter Rast 8th Dan
Erich Reinhardt 8th Dan
Dieter Meyer 8th Dan Honorary President of the Ju-Jutsu Association Bavaria. eV
Achim Hanke 8th Dan
Ralf Pfeifer 8th Dan
Manfred Feuchthofen 8th Dan
Bernd Thomsen born Hillebrand 8th Dan
Robert Prümm 8th Dan
Wolfgang Kroel 8th Dan
Michael Richter 8th Dan Honorary President HJJV, Former President Popular Sports & Instructor HJJV

practice

Until a few years ago, ju-jutsu was part of the training of many German police authorities , the judiciary ( penal system ) and customs. In the 1990s, in the area of ​​the DJJV, the Ju-Jutsu was realigned away from a purely self-defense system towards a sport that was much more popular and more competitive. Nonetheless, effective self-defense remained the main focus. With the exception of the penal system in North Rhine-Westphalia, Ju-Jutsu is still practiced today by all other German security authorities, but not as "pure" Ju-Jutsu, but as so-called "unarmed self-defense". In the process, “sporty” elements tend to be eliminated and other more practical (but “less sporty”) techniques have been added. The self-defense techniques are constantly updated and developed within the DJJV on special district, state and federal courses, to which only members of the security authorities are permitted.

Ju-Jutsu is widely used in these areas of the public service mainly because its open concept means that it contains many techniques from other systems. In addition, as a “gentle art”, it contains a broad repertoire of access and security techniques, with which the attacker remains unharmed. These practical experiences (mainly from everyday police and prison life) are constantly exchanged, updated and adjusted in Ju-Jutsu, as mentioned up to the federal level. Appropriate officials can be found in almost all associations. Many (former) members of special units work as trainers or officials.

literature

  • Syd Hoare: The History of Judo; Yamagi Books, 2009; ISBN 978-0-9560498-0-3
  • Shiro Omiya: The Hidden Roots of Aikido. Aiki Jujutsu Daitoryu, Japanese orig. Daito-Ryu, Tokyo 1998. ISBN 4-7700-2327-8
  • German Ju-Jutsu Association V .: Ju-Jutsu 1x1. Statutes, regulations, examination and procedural regulations, competition rules, squad regulations, address directory.
  • Herbert Velte: Ju-Jutsu Dictionary: A technical dictionary from A to Z about modern self-defense. With more than 800 Japanese terms translated . 3. Edition. Schramm, Vierkirchen 2001. ISBN 3-00-007465-1 .
  • Jürgen Wedding, Dieter Rast: Ju-Jutsu Allkampf . 2nd, revised edition. Boorberg, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-415-03195-0 .
  • Michael Korn: Compact Ju-Jutsu for children and young people . Pietsch, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-613-50569-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ ESV Munich: Martial arts club Ju-Jutsu in Munich with a long tradition
  2. ^ BJV: Profile Richard Unterburger ( Memento from September 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Examination programs (PDF)
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v DJJV eV: Honorary Graduations. Accessed January 1, 2020 .
  5. ↑ a b c Franz-Josef Gresch. (No longer available online.) German Ju-Jutsu Association , archived from the original on March 16, 2014 ; accessed on March 15, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Honorary President. Accessed January 1, 2020 (German).
  7. ↑ a b c Ju-Jutsu Association Bavaria - Board of Directors & employees. Accessed January 1, 2020 (German).
  8. ^ DJK Roland eV - trainer. Accessed January 1, 2020 .
  9. ↑ Ju-Jutsu, Jiu-Jitsu and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in Schleswig-Holstein: Board of Directors. SHJJV eV, accessed on January 1, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Speakers and coordinators. German Ju-Jutsu Association , accessed January 1, 2020 .
  11. ^ Heinrich Conrads. (No longer available online.) German Ju-Jutsu Association , archived from the original on December 29, 2015 ; Retrieved November 19, 2017 .
  12. ^ Heinrich Conrads. Lower Saxony Ju-Jutsu Association , accessed on January 1, 2020 .
  13. ^ 9th Dan for Roland Koehler. German Ju-Jutsu Association, November 3, 2019, accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  14. ^ Presidium. German Ju-Jutsu Association , accessed January 1, 2020 .
  15. ↑ national coach. German Ju-Jutsu Association , accessed January 1, 2020 .
  16. ^ Hall of Fame: Peter Nehles. (No longer available online.) German Ju-Jutsu Association , archived from the original on October 18, 2014 ; Retrieved November 19, 2017 .
  17. ^ Jörg Preuße: News from the Lübeck Judo Club. (No longer available online.) August 30, 2010, archived from the original on January 15, 2018 ; accessed on January 15, 2018 .