Olive-brown bugs milkling
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Olive-brown bugs milkling ( Lactarius subumbonatus ) |
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| Lactarius subumbonatus | ||||||||||||
| Lindgr. |
The olive-brown Bug Milchling ( Lactarius subumbonatus ) is a fungal art from the family of Täublingsverwandten (Russulaceae). It is a small to medium-sized milkling with a strong aromatic to unpleasant odor and a watery-white milk. The hat is purple-brown, maroon to dark brown. Macrocystidia are absent. It is perhaps the most common species from the "Lactarius serifluus" complex. The Milchling often grows on moist soils under oaks. It is often also called watery milkling, like Lactarius serifluus , which some authors consider to be of the same species .
features
Macroscopic features
The thin- fleshed hat is 2–8.5 cm wide, initially arched, then spread out flat and depressed in the middle and finally often more or less funnel-shaped deepened. The middle of the hat often has a small hump. The surface is dry and smooth and soon more or less radial-wrinkled, especially around the center. Towards the edge, especially old specimens are often heavily folded and wrinkled and deeply notched on the edge. The hat is purple-brown to reddish brown or dark brick-colored. In old age it can fade a little, in the marginal notches it is sometimes brownish-red and hygrophan. The fruit bodies dry out gray-ocher to cinnamon-brown.
The medium-wide to wide lamellae are wide or run down slightly on the stem. They are crowded to a distance and are not forked.
The cylindrical or downwardly tapering stem is 2.5-5 cm long and 0.3-1.3 cm wide. The surface is dry, smooth and sometimes more or less flaky at the top. The stem is initially pale reddish in color and discolored with age from cinnamon brown to beige or orange-brown, especially towards the base.
The medium-firm meat is hollow in the handle and white to meaty in color, in the handle bark and at the base it is also darker. It tastes mild, similar to hazelnut, but soon more or less disgusting and sometimes a bit spicy. It smells very strong and sweet like leaf bugs, very similar to the oak milkling . The milk is watery-white and also tastes mild. The spore powder is off-white.
Microscopic features
The round to broadly elliptical spores are on average 7.2–7.7 µm long and 6.3–7.0 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.25. The spore ornament is between 0.7 and 1.2 µm high and consists of elongated warts and ribs that together form a coarse, more or less complete network. Isolated warts typically appear inside meshes. The hillock is quite small and indistinct and more or less inamyloid .
The 4-spore, sometimes only 2-spore basidia are 35–60 µm long and 8.5–11.5 µm wide and mostly quite club-like. Pleuromacrocystids are absent. The lamellar edges are heterogeneous or sterile. In addition to the basidia, there are cylindrical to club-shaped paracystids that are 15–40 µm long and 6.5–12 (16) µm wide.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hyphoepithelium . The cells in the subpellis are 7.5–25 µm wide, elongated to more or less isodiametric and rounded. The hyphae ends are 3.5–10 µm wide, predominantly cylindrical and form a conspicuous layer over the subpellis. However, this is often more or less indented and only forms an amorphous layer.
Species delimitation
The olive-brown bedbug milkling is reminiscent of the similar, but more vividly colored watery milkling ( L. serifluus ), which occurs in almost the same habitat. It differs from this in the dark brown to soot-brown, almost brown-black color of the hat, the clearly wrinkled and grainy skin and the less pronounced smell, which is a little reminiscent of leaf bugs, roasted chicory or liquorice. The two species are very similar under the microscope, but the spore ornamentation of the olive-brown bedbug milkling has more isolated warts and the paracystidia are longer. The other species of the section such as the Atlantic milkling ( L. atlanticus ), the wrinkled dwarf milkling ( L. cremor ) and the camphor milkling ( L. camphoratus ) have a different color or a different habitat or even have real macrocystids.
Ecology and diffusion
The Milchling is quite common within the natural oak range. The species is probably more common than the similar watery milkling, but is often not differentiated from it.
The Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus that often forms a symbiotic partnership with oaks, but other deciduous trees can probably serve as hosts as well. In the Mediterranean region it is also found in rock roses ( Cistus salviifolius ) and strawberry trees ( Arbutus unedo ). The fruiting bodies of the Milchling appear from June to October. It likes to grow on loamy soils, especially in open places such as clearings and on forest paths.
Systematics
- Lindgren's original diagnosis
" Lactarius subumbonatus , pileo fragili ruguloso vegeto joveque pluvio demum glabriusculo tenui convexo demum undulato-repando disco carnoso demum depresso (acute) umbonulato umbrino-fusco, stipite deorsum attenuato intus ochraceo-farcto subcavoenteum-extusido (pallervo farcto subcaventeum) oomentino fuligineo, lamellis decurrentibus distantibus angustis vitellinis, lacte miti dilute albo. In prato curl lengths in paroec. Rackeby extra Lidköping, Jun., Jul., Aug. and Sept. 1844 and 1845, quam copiosissime.
Odor fungi vegeti fere sebaceus, ut Lactar. serifluus , fungi exsiccati e contrario peculiaris forte exactis porcorum, sed, quantillum sit, ad Glycyrrhizam trahens. Etiam de Ligustico Levistico memorat. Pileus demum ex tenuitate marginis rugoso-striatus immo plicato-repandus. Umbo interdum in umbilico demum evanescit. Stipes plerumque adscendens rarius subaequalis. Lamellae demum pruinosae.
In Trib. III. Russulares *** Fr. Epicr. post Lactarium obscuratum inserandus. "
The Milchling was collected by Lindgren in 1844 and 1845 at Rackeby in Västergötland and described scientifically by him in 1845. According to Basso and Heilmann-Clausen, the species is synonymous with Lactarius cimicarius in the sense of Quélet (1888), Lange (1940), Lundell & Nannfeldt (1956), Kühner & Romagnesi (1953) and synonymous with L. serifluus in the sense of Ricken ( 1915), Neuhoff (1956) and Moser (1983) and other authors.
The current conception of this type is essentially based on Bons research. Bon tried to bring "a little order" into the Serifluus complex. During his investigation, Bon came across the long-forgotten name L. subumbonatus , the original description of which largely coincided with his interpretation of the taxon. Heilmann-Clausen and after him M. Basso also follow his interpretation and separate the two species L. serifluus and L. subumbonatus .
In de Candolle's original description (1815) and in the sanctioning diagnosis by Fries (1821), Agaricus serifluus is described as a species with a vivid yellow-brown ( brunneo-fulvus ) hat, which is in marked contrast to the species described here. Therefore, the taxon L. serifluus is interpreted today as it was already done by Lange (1940).
Other authors have used the epithet " cimicarius " for the taxon described here. But if you look at Batsch's diagnosis and the indicated iconotypes of Agaricus cimicarius , you can see that this is also a more vividly colored species. The hat is described as " ferrugineo-fulvus " that is rust-colored to reddish brown and the lamellae are described as rather dark brownish-reddish-ocher-colored (" fulvello-ochraceae "), as is typical of L. camphoratus (the camphor milkling). Heilmann-Clausen therefore comes to the conclusion that Agaricus cimicarius is a synonym for L. camphoratus , as Fries (1821) did.
Inquiry systematics
The olive-brown bugs milkling is placed by Bon, Heilmann-Clausen and Basso in the Olentes section, which itself belongs to the Russularia subgenus . The section contains thin-fleshed milklings with dull, uneven hat skin and an unrubbed hat rim. The milk is more or less watery and the odor is noticeable and strong.
meaning
Is considered inedible at least in Central Europe.
swell
Translation of the original diagnosis
- ↑ Lactarius subumbonatus, with a fragile, fresh and, in wet weather, wrinkled, finally almost smooth, flat arched, finally wavy-bent hat, with a fleshy, finally depressed, (pointed) hunched, umber-brown-dark-brown hat disc. The stem is narrowed at the bottom, ocher-colored on the inside, full to somewhat hollow, on the outside (under the magnifying glass) felt-like, pale ocher-colored below, and reddish-brown to soot-brown towards the top. With narrow, yolk yellow lamellas that run down at a distance. With mild, watery white milk. On a meadow near Kringelängen in the Rackeby parish near Lidköping from June to September in the years 1844 and 1845 in abundant quantities. The smell of the fresh mushroom is almost tallowy, like Lactarius serifluus, that of the dried mushroom in a strange contrast, perhaps of pork excrement, but a little bit like liquorice (liquorice). It is even reminiscent of Ligurian lovage. After all, from the thin edge of the hat, it is wrinkled, grooved, even wrinkled and bent. It sometimes has a hump in the recessed center that eventually disappears. The stem is ascending, rarely almost cylindrical, the lamellae are finally frosted. In the tribe III Russulares. In frieze Epicr. inserted after Lactarius obscuratus .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Synonyms of Lactarius subumbonatus. Lindgr., Bot. Notiser: 200 (1845). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 1, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 222-224 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 580, 603-608 (Italian).
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Lactarius subumbonatus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 271-273 .
- ↑ Grid map of Lactarius subumbonatus. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on November 4, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Lactarius subumbonatus / Norwegian Mycology Database. In: nhm2.uio.no / Norwegian Mycology Database. Retrieved November 4, 2012 .
- ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Lactarius subumbonatus. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved November 4, 2012 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle: Flore française . Troisième éd. Vol. 6, 1815, pp. 45 (French, csic.es ).
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 75 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ↑ Jakob Emanuel Lange: Flora agaricina Danica. Ed .: Recato, Copenhagen. Vol .: V, 1940, p. 48 (English, gallica.bnf.fr ).
- ^ August Johann Georg Karl Batsch: Elenchus Fungorum. Continuatio Prima . Magdeburg 1786, p. 59 (Latin, zum.de/stueber ).
- ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 23-28 .
Web links
- Lactarius subumbonatus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved November 1, 2012 (English, photos and original Latin description).
- Lactarius subumbonatus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on November 2, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the olive-brown bugs milkling).