East Siberian Sea

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
East Siberian Sea
Pewek
Pewek
Art Randmeer
ocean Northern ocean
location north of Eastern Siberia
Tributaries Indigirka , Kolyma , Sundrun , Alaseja
Important islands New Siberian Islands , De Long Islands , Bear Islands , Routan Islands , Aion , Wrangel Island
Cities on the shore Pewek
Data
surface 936,000 km²
volume 42,000 km³
Maximum depth 155 m
Middle deep 45 m
East Siberian Sea map.png
Map of the East Siberian Sea

Coordinates: 90 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  N

The East Siberian Sea ( Russian Восточно-Сибирское море ) is a shallow marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean north of Asia .

geography

The sea is bounded in the west by the New Siberian Islands , which lead to the Laptev Sea , and in the east by Wrangel Island , to which the Chukchi Sea connects. In the south it borders on Eastern Siberia with the East Siberian Lowlands in the east and the East Siberian Mountains in the western part of the coast. In the north the sea ends at the edge of the continental shelf . The East Siberian Sea is connected to the Laptev Sea via the Laptev , Eterikan and Sannikow Straits , and the Chukchi Sea via Long Street .

The area of ​​the East Siberian Sea varies in the literature between 900,000 and 940,000 km². Their average depth is given between 45 and 58 meters, with the greatest measured depth being 155 meters. The areas close to the coast are particularly shallow, with depths of only 10 to 20 m in the western and central part of the sea and 30 to 40 m in the eastern part.

Some of the great Siberian rivers flow into the East Siberian Sea . The Indigirka and the Kolyma have pronounced estuary deltas . In addition, the water masses of the Sundrun and Alaseja rivers flow into the sea. The freshwater inflow is overall less than in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. The East Siberian Sea only has islands at its edges: the New Siberian Islands, which border the sea, and Wrangel Island, as well as the Bear Islands , Routan Islands and Aion Island off the mainland .

The coasts of the East Siberian Sea are only sparsely populated due to the prevailing harsh climate. The most important port is Pewek on the eastern edge of Tschaunbucht .

climate

The climate of the East Siberian Sea is determined by continental air masses from the Asian mainland and polar air masses from the Arctic north. The mean temperature is −37 to −15 ° C in winter and −12 to 7 ° C in summer. As a result of these extreme temperatures, the sea is frozen over from mid-October to the end of June. In spring, the fixed ice on the coast has an extension of up to 500 km and is up to two meters thick. It can have a volume of 320 km³. Even in summer, 50% of the sea surface is partially covered by ice. In the north-eastern part you can find perennial ice from the central part of the Arctic.

Should global warming lead to the water in the shallow shelf seas warming so much that the permafrost begins to thaw at their bottom, larger amounts of the methane stored as hydrate would be released and global warming would further intensify. The economic follow-up costs for the East Siberian Sea alone, at the bottom of which an estimated 50 gigatons of methane are stored, are estimated at 60 trillion US dollars worldwide.

Discovery story

The East Siberian Sea, whose coasts are inhabited by indigenous peoples such as the Jukagirs and Chukchi , was only known to Europeans in 1647. The Cossack Semyon Deschnjow and the Russian trader Fedot Popow reached the mouth of the Kolyma and drove with four kotschen, single-masted boats, on the coast to the east, but soon had to turn back. In 1648 they repeated the attempt with six boats and circumnavigated the Chukchi Peninsula. Until the 1680s, convoys drove annually from Yakutsk over the Lena to the Laptev Sea and on to the trading offices on the Jana , Indigirka and Kolyma. Then the population of the sable had decreased so much that the fur hunters moved to other areas and the shipping route through the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea was forgotten.

In the course of the Great Nordic Expedition led by Vitus Bering , Dmitri Laptev was given the task of mapping the coast of Siberia from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Anadyr . In 1739 he was able to penetrate to the mouth of the Indigirka, where he had to winter. In 1740 Laptew managed to sail to the mouth of the Kolyma. All efforts to drive further east in the following year, however, were in vain. It was not until 1762 that the merchant Nikita Schalaurow (? –1864) mapped the stretch of coast from the Kolyma estuary to Tschaunbucht.

After two trips to the Bear Islands in 1763 and 1764, the geodesist Stepan Andrejew reported that he had sighted a large island in the distance to the east. Numerous expeditions looked for this Andreevland until the 20th century. As early as 1869, Nikolai Daurkin, who was familiar with the area , led the surveyors I. Leontjew, I. Lyssow and A. Pushkarev to the Bear Islands. A more detailed map of the archipelago was drawn up by 1871 and an extended drive across the ice searched in vain for more land.

The Billings-Sarychev expedition 1785–1794 did not bring any new insights into the geography of the East Siberian Sea. Joseph Billings sailed his ships Pallas and Jassaschna in 1787 from the mouth of the Kolyma east to Cape Bolshoi Baranow and found the further way blocked by the ice.

After mapping the island of New Siberia, Mathias von Hedenström undertook two extensive journeys across the ice of the East Siberian Sea in 1810 in search of land. From the east coast of New Siberia he drove about 80 km to the east in a dog sled until he came across a polynya and had to turn south to Kolyma. Then he drove from Cape Bolshoi Baranow 240 km north and then east, whereupon he reached the mainland again at Cape Schelagski.

From 1820 to 1824 Ferdinand von Wrangel succeeded in completely mapping the mainland coast of the East Siberian Sea. In search of Andreev's land, he undertook several sleigh journeys across the sea ice to the north. However, he did not discover the island that is named after him today. His map shows "Mountains, visible from Cape Jakan in clear summer weather" at your position. With the sighting of Wrangel Island by Henry Kellett in 1849 and Thomas Long in 1867 and the first landing by Calvin Hooper in 1881, the geographical discoveries in the area of ​​the East Siberian Sea were completed.

Hydrographic , bathymetric and meteorological investigations were made by the expeditions of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld with the Vega 1878/79 and George W. DeLongs with the Jeannette 1879–1882, but to a large extent only by the Hydrographic Expedition of the Northern Arctic Ocean with the icebreakers Taimyr and Waigatsch in the years 1910–1915 and from 1934 on from various Soviet expeditions that served to establish a northern sea route .

literature

  • Lawson W. Brigham: East Siberian Sea . In: Mark Nuttall (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Arctic . tape 1 . Routledge, New York and London 2003, ISBN 1-57958-436-5 , pp. 519 f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Article East Siberian Sea in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D006835~2a%3D~2b%3DOstsibirische%20See
  2. ^ A b c Lawson W. Brigham: East Siberian Sea . In: Mark Nuttall (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Arctic . tape 1 . Routledge, New York and London 2003, ISBN 1-57958-436-5 , pp. 519 f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. ^ A b c William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 1 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 203 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  4. ^ LG Anderson, G. Björk, S. Jutterström, I. Pipko, N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, I. Wåhlström: East Siberian Sea, an Arctic region of very high biogeochemical activity . In: Biogeosciences . tape 8 , 2011, p. 1745–1754 , doi : 10.5194 / bg-8-1745-2011 (English).
  5. ^ Karl Magnus Eger: Marine Traffic in the Arctic. A Report Commissioned by the Norwegian Mapping Authority, Oslo 2011 PDF online (2.33 MB, English).
  6. ↑ Jörg Bareiss: Freshwater entry and fast ice in the East Siberian Arctic - results from ground and satellite observations as well as sensitivity study with a thermodynamic fast ice model (PDF; 4.61 MB). Reports on polar and marine research, No. 442, Bremerhaven 2003, p. 14.
  7. ↑ Monika Seynsche : Methane from thawing permafrost . Deutschlandfunk , Forschungs Aktuell , July 24, 2013, accessed on January 24, 2018.
  8. ^ Gail Whiteman, Chris Hope, Peter Wadhams: Climate science: Vast costs of Arctic change . In: Nature . Volume 499, 2013, pp. 401-403 (English).
  9. ↑ Deshnjow (Deshnew), Semjon Ivanovich . In: Walter Krämer (ed.): The discovery and exploration of the earth . 3. Edition. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1961, p. 237 .
  10. ↑ Ferdinand von Wrangel: Journey of the Imperial Russian Fleet Lieutenant Ferdinand v. Wrangel along the north coast of Siberia and on the Arctic Ocean, from 1820 to 1824 . tape 1 . Verlag der Voss'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin 1839, p. 63–71 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ Ferdinand von Wrangel: Journey of the Imperial Russian Fleet Lieutenant Ferdinand v. Wrangel along the north coast of Siberia and on the Arctic Ocean, from 1820 to 1824 . tape 1 . Verlag der Voss'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin 1839, p. 73–78 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  12. ↑ Ferdinand von Wrangel: Journey of the Imperial Russian Fleet Lieutenant Ferdinand v. Wrangel along the north coast of Siberia and on the Arctic Ocean, from 1820 to 1824 . tape 1 . Verlag der Voss'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin 1839, p. 84–87 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  13. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 1 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 294 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  14. ^ Ferdinand von Wrangel: Eismeer and Tundra . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1950, p. 198 f .
  15. ↑ Jörg Bareiss: Freshwater entry and fast ice in the East Siberian Arctic - results from ground and satellite observations as well as sensitivity study with a thermodynamic fast ice model (PDF; 4.61 MB). Reports on polar and marine research, No. 442, Bremerhaven 2003, p. 1.

Web links

Commons : East Siberian Sea  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files