Otto Neurath

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Otto Neurath (born December 10, 1882 in Vienna , † December 22, 1945 in Oxford ) was an Austrian economist , scientific theorist and worker and popular educator.

Otto Neurath

Life

Work-related biography

Otto Neurath studied mathematics, economics, history and philosophy in Vienna and Berlin from 1901. He received his doctorate from Gustav Schmoller and Eduard Meyer in 1906 in Berlin on the subject of the conception of antiquity on trade, industry and agriculture .

As a member of the First Vienna Circle , from 1907 he took part in - initially very informal - interdisciplinary meetings of Viennese scientists who discussed scientific-theoretical problems. In 1924, with the founding of the Vienna Circle , the meetings were transformed into a more formal form, which opened up a wide distribution of the discussed ideas and ultimately led to international establishment (see philosophy of science).

Meanwhile Neurath was from 1907 to 1914 teacher of political economy at the New Vienna Commercial Academy. In 1913 he also undertook study trips to the Balkan region as a scholarship holder of the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace, in which he examined the economic context of the Balkan wars and published numerous papers on this.

From 1914 to 1918 Neurath did military service and in 1916 was appointed to the economic department in the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry . He also completed his habilitation in Political Economy at the University of Heidelberg in 1917 on War Economics and its Significance for the Future (see Political Economy ).

From 1918 he was director of the German War Economics Museum in Leipzig.

In 1919, Neurath proposed the establishment of a central economic office in the Bavarian Soviet Republic and became its president. Because he attempted to install a moneyless economy in this function, he was imprisoned for 18 months after the Soviet republic was defeated by Prussian troops for aiding and abetting high treason. After diplomatic intervention by the Austrian government, he was released and extradited to Austria, although he was not allowed to enter Germany as persona non grata until 1926 and thus lost his position as a private lecturer at Max Weber in Heidelberg.

Back in Austria, Neurath founded the Austrian Association for Settlements and Allotments in 1920 and became its general secretary (see settlement policy). In this function he devoted himself for the first time to the visual communication of knowledge within folk art exhibitions and developed the first communication symbols.

In the course of this, he founded the Museum for Settlements and Urban Development in 1924 , which was expanded and renamed the Vienna Museum of Society and Economy (GWM) (now the Austrian Museum of Society and Economy ) in 1925 . Here he worked in a team of experts (including the graphic artist Gerd Arntz as a permanent employee from 1929 ) intensively on the development of communication signs, which, as standardized as possible, were combined into communication boards and then exhibited in the museum. This is how the Vienna method of image statistics came about (see Workers' and Popular Education). Numerous publications by Neurath as well as exhibitions by the GWM and other museums flanked this development and helped the image statistics to spread internationally.

Politically engaged in Austromarxism for years , Neurath was politically persecuted as a representative of the defeated Red Vienna after the clerical-authoritarian Dollfuss government came to power (see Political Engagement). After several attempts at arrest in 1934, Neurath was forced to flee when the exhibits of the GWM that had been developed up to that point fell victim to an unexplained fire; they have only survived indirectly through publications. Neurath and four GWM employees emigrated to The Hague, where they continued to work on the development of Vienna's image statistics in the International Foundation for Visual Education, which was established in 1932 . This was now on as ISOTYPE called (International System of Typographic Picture Education) .

Before the German occupation , Neurath fled (with only one female employee) to England in 1940, where he was interned. He was released after nine months on the intervention of colleagues - including Albert Einstein - and settled in Oxford. During a two-semester teaching activity at Oxford University, he founded the Isotype Institute in 1941 , where work on and with the isotype was continued.

On December 1, 1945, the social-democratic Wiener Arbeiter-Zeitung reported in warm words under the title A Recovered Person that Otto Neurath had spoken for Austria a few days ago on the evening program of the British radio . The editors expressed the hope that they would hear him again in Vienna and see his picture statistics. Neurath died a few days later in Oxford without having seen Vienna again.

Family and personality

Neurath was the son of Wilhelm Neurath , national economist, and Gertrud Kaempffert. He had a total of three marriages. As a student he met the economist and women's rights activist Anna Schapire , whom he married in 1907 and with whom he had a son in 1911. With her he published together in 1910 the reader of economics . Anna Schapire-Neurath died giving birth to her son Paul Martin . The mathematician Olga Hahn, already a childhood friend and like her brother Hans Hahn and Neurath themselves a member of the Vienna Circle, married Neurath in 1912. However, due to Olga's blindness, the two were initially unable to look after his son and gave him to a home near Linz for a few years . With Olga's increasing independence, Paul was brought back to the family household in Vienna in 1921. With her he published three mathematical treatises in 1909 and 1910. Olga Hahn-Neurath died in 1937. In 1941 he married his long-time colleague Marie Reidemeister , who continued her work on the Isotype well into the 1970s and died in 1986.

Otto Neurath is commonly described as a versatile scholar with broad and "deep knowledge" and "lively imagination". His “fun-loving”, “stimulating”, “exciting” and “obsessed” kind of “bubbling vitality” and “bursting energy” was the driving force behind the publication of approx. 150 publications in various fields and the organization of numerous international congresses to the philosophy of science and thus to pave the way for a corresponding movement. With his "tirelessness" he also created an international exhibition network of closely cooperating workers' and popular education museums and ultimately made the continuity and progressive manifestation of the educational work in the field of image education possible despite the most adverse circumstances. After the first escape, for example, opportunities to connect to the previous work had to be found in The Hague and years of financial difficulties due to a lack of orders had to be overcome. He was obviously present not only through his "liveliness" and his "wit", but also through his gigantic physique, which made him happy to sign with an elephant drawing.

Work and action

Political economy

Otto Neurath defined the task of scientific economics sociologically: It should examine the relationship between its institutions and their use for the society within which it is located.

The objects of his own investigations correspond to this definition of tasks. In addition, they are shaped by the thesis that the money economy is not the system that can benefit societies most. In this respect, Neurath primarily examined the sociological function of alternative systems: starting from times of war, whose economic systems are based on need and are constituted by exchange of nature, he developed moneyless economic ideas for times of peace.

As a result, he theoretically pursued the goal of a planned economy in the context of socialist convictions, but tried to implement it politically in the Bavarian Soviet Republic. In this respect, he switched from scientific knowledge work to socio-political implementation.

Neurath's last economic publication appeared in 1918. This suggests, along with the consideration of his other work, that economics lost theoretical importance for Neurath after his habilitation. On the one hand, the loss of the private lecturer position at Max Weber brought about the end of his academic career (see work-related biography). On the other hand, this ambition was probably set aside in favor of social - including economic - design interests.

Philosophy of science

Already in the Urkreis or First Vienna Circle since 1907 and later in the Vienna Circle until 1934, Neurath was one of the main members who continuously took part in the meetings and had a decisive influence on the epistemological discussion held in the circle. The approach developed in the circle became known as Logical Empiricism , soon formed as a movement, not least through Neurath's organizational driving force, and as such had a significant influence on the scientific theory of the following century.

In addition to the three basic theoretical figures of empiricism , logic and language criticism generally recognized in the circle , there were in some cases great differences of opinion among the circle members. Because of the open, discursive atmosphere of alternating similarities and divergences, the circle can by no means be understood as a monolithic structure.

Accordingly, Neurath is also characterized by a specific perspective on the object. In summary, it can be formulated that the epistemological conception of Otto Neurath represents a unified science that is basically logically and empirically determined. Beyond this basis, which is largely shared in the circle, his unified science is also strictly anti-metaphysical, inductive, language-critical, physicalistic, as a whole, consensually and encyclopedically constituted.

Political commitment

In Red Vienna between the wars , Neurath was involved in Austromarxism . Specifically, his commitment was reflected primarily in two partially related areas, namely in settlement policy and in Vienna's educational landscape.

Settlement policy

In 1920 Neurath became general secretary of the Austrian Association for Settlements and Allotment Gardens, which he founded . With this association he got involved in the settlement policy in Vienna with direct help for settlers, a school and exhibitions.

In 1923, Neurath founded the Museum for Settlements and Urban Development for the permanent exhibition of exhibits at an open-air exhibition . It was renamed and expanded to the extent that its exhibits were integrated into a more comprehensive concept: The Vienna Museum of Social and Economic Affairs included the departments of work and organization, settlement and urban development, social hygiene and social insurance, as well as intellectual life and school (see the museum as an educational institution).

While Neurath addressed settlement policy in the following 20 years only as part of a more comprehensive social structure, in England in 1945 he was given another opportunity to focus on it more isolated. The industrial city of Bilston invited him to advise them on demolishing slums and building a modern, low-income garden city. He then designed a picture-pedagogical exhibition with plans for the redesign in order to inform the population and ask them about their ideas. Before the project could be fully completed, Neurath died.

People's and workers' education

The Viennese educational landscape was primarily characterized by two educational movements that showed certain didactic and personal parallels in educational practice: the bourgeois-liberal popular education and socialist workers' education . Neurath was equally engaged in both movements.

He gave lectures in the three civic adult education centers and, in addition to books that were explicitly aimed at a broad audience, regularly published articles in civic papers and magazines such as the Austrian community newspaper, Die Wage. Sheets for civil life, science and culture, Der Kunstwart, From nature and the spiritual world. Collection of scientific-common understandable representations or new women's life .

He also taught economic history at the workers' college and published articles in social democratic and socialist papers such as the Berlin journal Arbeiterfreund, in Kultur und Progress, Der Kampf, Arbeiter-Zeitung, Die Glocke and in the Neue Menschen series .

In addition to activities in established educational institutions and media, Neurath was also involved in institutions that he designed or co-founded. The settlement school, for example, was an educational institution, albeit for a relatively specific purpose (see Austrian Association for Settlement and Allotment Gardening ). The already mentioned logical-empirical encyclopedia should not only serve the communication of the research collective, but also the communication of scientific knowledge to society (see encyclopedia ).

The General Scientific Educational Association Ernst Mach (VEM), founded in 1928 , also had the subtitle Association for the Dissemination of Knowledge of Exact Sciences and conveyed scientific content through courses, lectures, lectures, guided tours and excursions.

A far greater relevance in Neurath's educational practice, however, was his work in the Vienna Social and Economic Museum (see museum pedagogy). Here, too, he combined bourgeois-folk-educational and socialist-worker-educational ideas.

Museum education

The Society and Economic Museum Vienna (GWM), founded as an association in January 1925 , was supported by the municipality of Vienna , the free trade unions, the Chamber of Labor , the consumer cooperatives, various social insurance institutes and the workers' bank .

The GWM saw itself as a people's institute for social enlightenment . With its enlightening self-image, it conveyed sociological and economic knowledge that was scientifically generated.

The methodological center of the GWM is the Viennese image pedagogy used here, later isotype , its development, systematisation, archiving and distribution. It therefore distinguishes the GWM from the established institutions of the Viennese educational landscape and is to be understood as its unique selling point.

After the necessary escape in 1934 and the relocation of the educational work to The Hague, the central and distribution function of the GWM was replaced by the Mundaneum in The Hague ; the International Foundation for Visual Education in The Hague took over the further development of visual education and later the Isotype Institute in Oxford. After Neurath's death, Marie Neurath moved with the Isotype Institute to London and continued the educational work into the 1970s. Neurath's Mundaneum idea was more and more suppressed by work on educational image publications, which went hand in hand with a change in image educational self-image.

Image pedagogy: The Viennese method of image statistics or isotypes

From 1925 Neurath and the GWM team worked systematically on the development of an image method (see museum education). Neurath called it the Vienna Method of Image Statistics and in 1934 renamed it ISOTYPE , which stands as an acronym for International System of TYpographic Picture Education .

Due to its high receptiveness, image pedagogy should also efficiently convey economic and statistical knowledge to those interested who have no or only limited use of the written language. It should activate intellectual activity on its own and, thanks to its unconventional method, which is far removed from educated citizens, reduce psychological inhibitions and develop its own educational culture. Because of its neutrality and scientific correctness, it is recommended, so Neurath's assumption, as a mediation method, especially with regard to educational efforts which, according to their claim, do not want to be suggestive, imperative or judgmental. (see isotype .)

After Neurath's death, Marie Neurath took over the work with the Isotype and, after she ceased working in 1971, handed over the remaining material from the Isotype Institute to the Department of Typographic and Graphic Communication at Reading University . There it was archived as the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection .

reception

The philosophy of Otto Neurath, especially the philosophy of science, is largely described, and his influence on the development of the Vienna Circle and the history of the theory of science is explicated.

Neurath's reappraisal as a settlement politician and architect was taken up in 2008 by an exhibition in the Stroom Den Haag and accompanied by a publication.

A non-scientific, very everyday form of reception has established itself in relation to Neurath's image pedagogy: The individual characters from which the communication images were composed and which Neurath only thought of in a communication systematic manner are nowadays used as pictograms , icons or symbolicons on the Internet, omnipresent in train stations and airports. Even if they have little in common with the original mediation idea, they have established themselves in their very reduced form as a means of mass communication.

If the pictograms have been used relatively unreflectively for decades, in recent years communication scientists have been working on a historical review of Neurath as their originator and investigating their performance from a communication-scientific perspective.

Neurath's concept of education and methodology were largely ignored by educationalists, apart from incidental mentions, and were only adequately analyzed in 2015 for the educational contribution.

In Vienna-Donaustadt (22nd district) the Dr.-Otto-Neurath-Gasse was named after him in 1949.

The world's only Otto Neurath memorial room with the subtitle "Speaking Signs" to honor the life and work of Otto Neurath and to illustrate the reception of his educational work was opened in February 2013 by the Austrian Federal President Dr. Heinz Fischer opens. This memorial room is located in the Austrian Society and Economic Museum in Vienna.

Furthermore, in the work of today's Austrian Society and Economic Museum, the character of Neurath's educational conception is still clear.

Publications (selection)

  • Ancient economic history. Vienna, 1909.
  • Reading book for economics. Vienna 1910.
  • Anti-Spengler. Callwey, Munich 1921.
  • Economic plan and calculation in kind. From the socialist way of life and from the coming man. E. Laub, Berlin 1925.
  • with Rudolf Carnap and Hans Hahn: Scientific world view - the Vienna Circle. Publications by the Ernst Mach Association, Vienna 1929.
  • Society and economy. 100 picture panels. Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig, 1931.
  • Empirical Sociology. The scientific content of history and economics. Springer, Vienna 1931.
  • Image statistics according to the Vienna method in school. German publishing house for youth and people, Vienna / Leipzig 1933.
  • Museums of the Future. In: Survey Graphic. Vol. 22.9, New York 1933.
  • Unified science and psychology. Vienna 1933.
  • International Picture Language. (= Psyche Minatures). Kegan Paul, London 1936.
  • Inventory of the Standard of Living. In: Max Horkheimer (Ed.): Journal for Social Research. Vol. VI, Paris 1937, pp. 140-151.
  • Basic by Isotype. (= Psyche Minatures). Kegan Paul, London 1937.
  • Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration. In: International Encyclopedia of Unified Science . Volume 1, No. 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1938, pp. 1-27.
  • as edited by Niels Bohr , John Dewey , Bertrand Russell , Rudolf Carnap and Charles W. Morris : Encylopedia and Unified Science. (= International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Volume 1, No. 1). Chicago 1938.
  • Modern Man in the Making. Knopf, New York 1939.
  • Foundations of the Social Sciences (= International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Volume 2, No. 1). Chicago 1944; 7th edition 1966.

Posthumously

  • From Hieroglyphics to Isotype. Future Books, London 1946.
  • From Hieroglyphics to Isotype: A Visual Autobiography. Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.
  • Otto Neurath: Philosophy between Science and Politics (Ideas in Context). Nancy Cartwright et al., Cambridge Arch. Press, 2008.
  • Scientific worldview, socialism and logical empiricism. Rainer Hegselmann (Ed.). Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1979.
  • Collected philosophical and methodological writings (volumes 1 + 2). Rudolf Haller and Heiner Rutte (eds.). HTP, Vienna 1981.
  • Collected educational educational writings (Volume 3). Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross. HTP, Vienna 1991.
  • Collected economic, sociological and socio-political writings (volumes 4 + 5). Rudolf Haller and Ulf Höfer (eds.). HTP, Vienna 1998.
  • Otto Neurath: Rationality, Planning, Diversity. Elisabeth Nemeth, Richard Heinrich (Ed.). Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1999.

literature

  • Angelique Groß: The picture pedagogy of Otto Neurath. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. (= Publications of the Wiener Kreis Institute ). Springer, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-16315-4 .
  • Frank Hartmann (ed.): Objective picture and social technology. Otto Neurath . Avinus Verlag, Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-86938-056-8 .
  • Günther Sandner: Otto Neurath. A political biography . Zsolnay-Verlag, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-552-05676-3 .
  • Christopher Burke, Eric Kindel, Sue Walker (Eds.): Isotype. Design and contexts . Hyphen Press, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-907259-47-3 .
  • Astrit Schmidt-Burkhardt: The art of diagrammatics: Perspectives of a new picture-scientific paradigm., 2nd completely revised edition. Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2017, ISBN 978-3-8376-3631-4 .
  • Nader Vossoughian: Otto Neurath. The Language of the Global Polis. NAi Publishers, Rotterdam 2011, ISBN 978-90-5662-798-0 .
  • Matthew Eve, Christopher Burke: Otto Neurath: From Hieroglyphics to Isotype. A visual autobiography. Hyphen Press, London 2010.
  • Frank Hartmann , Erwin K. Bauer: Imagery. Otto Neurath, visualizations . 2nd, expanded and revised edition. Wiener Universitätsverlag, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-7089-0000-6 .
  • Gerhard J. Mauch: Neurath, Otto. In: Harald Hagemann , Claus-Dieter Krohn (Hrsg.): Biographical manual of the German-speaking economic emigration after 1933. Volume 2: Leichter branch. Saur, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-598-11284-X , pp. 508-510.
  • Mélika Ouelbani: Carnap and the unity of science. In: Elisabeth Nemeth, Nicolas Roudet (ed.): Paris - Vienna. Comparison of encyclopedias. (= Publications of the institute Wiener Kreis 13). Springer, Vienna et al. 2005, ISBN 3-211-21538-7 , pp. 205-220. (Online edition: ibid 2005, doi: 10.1007 / 3-211-33320-7 )
  • Rudolf Haller:  Neurath, Otto Karl Wilhelm. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , pp. 179-182 ( digitized version ).
  • Elisabeth Nemeth, Paul Neurath (Hrsg.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. (= Monographs on Austrian cultural and intellectual history. 6). Böhlau, Vienna et al. 1994, ISBN 3-205-98127-8 .
  • Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath and Sociology. In: Rudolf Haller (ed.): Schlick and Neurath. A symposium . Contributions to the International Philosophical Symposium on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Moritz Schlick (April 14, 1882 - June 22, 1936) and Otto Neurath (December 10, 1882 - December 22, 1945), Vienna, June 16 - 20 1982. (= Graz Philosophical Studies. 16/17). Rodopi, Amsterdam 1982, ISBN 90-6203-675-9 .
  • Werner Röder; Herbert A. Strauss (Ed.): International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933-1945 . Volume 2.2. Munich: Saur, 1983 ISBN 3-598-10089-2 , p. 859
  • Friedrich Stadler : Otto Neurath (1882-1945). On life and work in his time. In: Friedrich Stadler (Hrsg.): Workers' education in the interwar period. Otto Neurath, Gerd Arntz . Löcker, Wien et al. 1982, ISBN 3-85409-039-0 (Exhibition catalog: Vienna, Chamber for Workers and Salaried Employees, April 26 - June 23, 1982).
  • Elisabeth Nemeth: Otto Neurath and the Vienna Circle. Revolutionary science as a political claim. (= Campus research. 229). Campus, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1981, ISBN 3-593-32956-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Nader Vossoughian: The language of the Global Polis. Rotterdam 2008, p. 149.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Filla: Science for everyone - a contradiction? Innsbruck / Vienna / Munich 2001, p. 421.
  3. ↑ a b c d Peter Faulstich: Mediator of scientific knowledge. Bielefeld 2008, p. 178.
  4. ↑ a b c Frank Hartmann, Erwin K. Bauer (Ed.): Pictorial language. Otto Neurath. Visualizations. Vienna 2002, p. 162.
  5. ↑ a b Otto Neurath: Collected economic, sociological and socio-political writings 2nd ed. Rudolf Haller, Ulf Höfer. Vienna 1998.
  6. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 425.
  7. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 36.
  8. ↑ Nader Vossoughian: The language of the Global Polis. Rotterdam 2008, p. 54.
  9. ^ Otto Neurath: From hieroglyphics to Isotype. A visual autobiography. 1945. Ed. Matthew Eve, Christopher Burke. London 2010, p. 99f.
  10. ^ Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 425.
  11. ^ Otto Neurath: Collected Bildpädagogische Schriften. Edited by Rudolf Haller, Robin Kinross. Vienna 1981.
  12. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 73.
  13. ↑ Gerd Arntz: Time under the knife. Woodcuts and linocuts 1920–1970. Cologne 1988, p. 35.
  14. ^ Otto Neurath: From hieroglyphics to Isotype. A visual autobiography. Edited by Eve, Matthew / Burke, Christopher. London 2010, 1945, p. 113.
  15. ↑ a b c Frank Hartmann, Erwin K. Bauer (Ed.): Pictorial language. Otto Neurath. Visualizations. Vienna 2002, p. 163.
  16. ↑ Someone found again. Otto Neurath's "Vienna Picture Statistics". In: Arbeiter-Zeitung. No. 101, December 1, 1945, p. 3.
  17. ^ Otto Neurath, Anna Schapire-Neurath: Reading book of economics. 1910. In: Otto Neurath: Collected economic, sociological and socio-political writings 1. Ed. Rudolf Haller, Ulf Höfer. Vienna 1998, pp. 399-421.
  18. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 28ff.
  19. ^ Marie Neurath, Robin Kinross: The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts. London 2009, p. 62f.
  20. ↑ a b Gerd Arntz: Time under the knife. Woodcuts and linocuts 1920–1970 . Cologne 1988, p. 27.
  21. ^ Marie Neurath, Robin Kinross: The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts . London 2009, p. 65.
  22. ↑ a b Manfred Geier: The Vienna Circle . Reinbek near Hamburg 1995, p. 18.
  23. ↑ Manfred Geier: The Vienna Circle . Reinbek near Hamburg 1995, p. 17.
  24. ↑ ibid.
  25. ↑ ibid.
  26. ^ Marie Neurath: Otto Neurath, Wiener method, Isotype - A report. In: Friedrich Stadler (Hrsg.): Workers' education in the interwar period. Otto Neurath - Gerd Arntz. Vienna / Munich 1982, p. 28.
  27. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 20.
  28. ↑ Otto Neurath: Problems of War Economics. In: Otto Neurath: Collected economic, sociological and socio-political writings 2nd ed. Rudolf Haller, Ulf Höfer. Vienna 1998, p. 205.
  29. ↑ Manfred Geier: The Vienna Circle. Reinbek near Hamburg 1995, p. 20.
  30. ↑ ibid., Pp. 17–28.
  31. ↑ ibid., P. 17.
  32. ^ Wolfgang Stegmüller: The Vienna Circle. In: Paul Kruntorad (Ed.): Jour fixe der Vernunft. The Vienna Circle and its consequences. Vienna 1991, p. 55.
  33. ^ ORF: Conversation with Rudolf Haller. In: ders. (Ed.): Limits of Language - Limits of the World. Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle and the consequences. Vienna 1982, p. 22.
  34. ^ Vienna - Berlin - Prague. To the rise of scientific philosophy. In: Friedrich Stadler, Rudolf Haller (eds.): Vienna - Berlin - Prague. To the rise of scientific philosophy. Vienna 1993, p. 20.
  35. ↑ Angelique Groß: Scientific knowledge as educational content. In: Angelique Groß: The image pedagogy of Otto Neurath. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. (= Publications of the Wiener Kreis Institute). Springer, Heidelberg 2015, pp. 17–25.
  36. ^ Otto Neurath: Society and Economic Museum in Vienna. 1925. In: Otto Neurath: Collected picture pedagogical writings. Edited by Rudolf Haller, Robin Kinross. Vienna 1991, p. 3.
  37. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 92ff.
  38. ↑ Nader Vossoughian: The language of the Global Polis. Rotterdam 2008, p. 152.
  39. ^ Wilhelm Filla: Science for All - A Contradiction? Innsbruck / Vienna / Munich 2001, pp. 423, 454.
  40. ↑ a b Otto Neurath: Collected writings. 5 volumes, ed. v. Rudolf Haller ao Vienna
  41. ↑ Josef Weidenholzer: On the way to the 'New Man'. Vienna / Munich / Zurich 1981, p. 151.
  42. ↑ Manfred Geier: The Vienna Circle . Hamburg 1995, p. 83ff.
  43. ↑ Nader Vossoughian: Otto Neurath. The language of the Global Polis. Rotterdam 2008, p. 57.
  44. ↑ Angelique Groß: The picture pedagogy Otto Neuraths. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. Publications of the Vienna Circle Institute. Jumper. Heidelberg 2015, p. 65ff.
  45. ↑ Angelique Groß: The picture pedagogy Otto Neuraths. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. Publications of the Vienna Circle Institute. Jumper. Heidelberg 2015, pp. 70f.
  46. ^ Paul Neurath: Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Life and work. In: Paul Neurath, Elisabeth Nemeth (ed.): Otto Neurath or the unity of science and society. Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, p. 72f.
  47. ^ Marie Neurath, Robin Kinross: The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts. London 2009, p. 66.
  48. ^ Marie Neurath, Robin Kinross: The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts. London 2009, p. 47.
  49. ↑ Angelique Groß: The picture pedagogy Otto Neuraths. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. (= Publications of the Wiener Kreis Institute). Springer, Heidelberg 2015, pp. 55ff.
  50. ^ Marie Neurath, Robin Kinross: The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts. London 2009, p. 76.
  51. ^ Rudolf Haller // Thomas Uebel // Friedrich Stadler
  52. ↑ Nader Vossoughian: Otto Neurath. The language of the global polis. Rotterdam 2008.
  53. ↑ isotyperevisited.org
  54. ^ Peter Faulstich: Mediator of scientific knowledge. Biographies of public science pioneers. Bielefeld 2008.
  55. ↑ Angelique Groß: The picture pedagogy Otto Neuraths. Methodical principles of the presentation of knowledge. Heidelberg 2015.
  56. ↑ On the harmfulness of perspective. In: FAZ . December 23, 2010, p. 32.
personal data
SURNAME Neurath, Otto
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist
DATE OF BIRTH December 10, 1882
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna
DATE OF DEATH December 22, 1945
Place of death Oxford