Workers education

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Under workers' education , education is understood to be specific to the situation and needs of workers received.

history

In 1844, the first of which was Community College of Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig opened. In Capri ( Italy ), Alexander A. Bogdanow and Maxim Gorky tried to teach Russian factory workers in a school according to a theory that Bogdanov thematized in Science and the Working Class . In Russia , the prerequisites for a proletarian culture should be the proletarian universities . The first all-Russian conference of the Proletkult Organization on the subject of "Science and the Working Class" brought out a corresponding resolution on December 17, 1918.

Worker education in Germany until 1945

The labor education in Germany is to be distinguished in

  • bourgeois liberal workers' education
  • Christian workers' education
  • the proletarian-socialist workers' education

The origins of workers 'education in Germany go back to the efforts of workers' education associations in the 19th century, which were initially clearly committed to an emancipatory approach. This is also where the first trade union and socialist training initiatives are founded. They were also groundbreaking for adult education . Workers' education began under the difficult situation of the Bismarck socialist laws during the German Empire . As a result of the ban, workers 'education clubs, workers' music clubs and sports clubs became popular as front organizations of the parties. School education, knowledge of political and economic fundamentals, art, literature, theater and the humanities and natural sciences should also be available to workers. In the 19th century , Max Hirsch founded the first people 's university , the Humboldt Academy . In 1890 Bruno Wille created the “ Freie Volksbühne ” together with Wilhelm Bölsche and Julius Türk in order to bring the theater closer to “ordinary workers from the people” (Wille quote). The Volksbühne had its premiere with Henrik Ibsen's pillars on October 19, 1890 in the Ostend Theater rented for this purpose. Just two years later, Wille was no longer in agreement with the political concept (for which, among others, Franz Mehring was responsible) and therefore he founded the Neue Freie Volksbühne . The artistic, educational and political direction was taken over by Wille, Max Dreyer , Ludwig Jacobowski , Gustav Landauer , Emil Lessing and Fritz Mauthner .

With the approval of the trade unions and the SPD , schools were set up with full-time teachers in the field of political and trade union education . In 1906 the SPD opened its central party school in Berlin to compete with syndicalist and Catholic educational offers . a. Franz Mehring , Anton Pannekoek and Rosa Luxemburg taught. However, these facilities almost exclusively served the (training) education of future functionaries. Worker education as mass education was mainly carried out by the so-called traveling teachers .

The folk high school movement also played a role. In 1901 Bruno Wille and Bölsche opened the Free University in Berlin-Friedrichshagen in the sense of workers' education and also became a lecturer in theology and philosophy there . The first German adult education centers emerged during the Weimar Republic . In Article 148 of the Reich Constitution of 1919, the promotion of education, including adult education centers, was enshrined in law for the first time. They were influenced by the Grundtvig- style home folk high school movement . In 1921, the Academy of Work was founded in Frankfurt (Main) as the “first German university for the people of work”, which was supposed to enable the workers to receive further and final academic training tailored to their special needs even better than in the more general adult education centers.

In 1948 Willi Hammelrath founded the “Burg Vondern Workers College ” in Oberhausen in the Rhineland, one of the first adult education centers to be established after the war. It was the forerunner of the later municipal adult education center in Oberhausen, which was then taken over by Hilmar Hoffmann . During this time he worked as a teacher at the high school. At the same time he worked intensively in adult education, especially with miners, also in other cities in the Ruhr area.

Lending and workers' libraries as well as the book halls played a special role . Until the early 19th century that were libraries of churches and universities , especially the dignitaries , scholars and students to access. The peasant and working-class people, who had largely been ignorant of writing and reading , were excluded. That changed with the proletarian movement and also with the fact that the mass production of books was looking for new markets. The publicly accessible libraries contained not only trivial literature , but also, in the sense of the Enlightenment, scientific volumes, e.g. In 1849, for example, the Leipzig Literary Museum owned about 81% fiction , 3% children's literature and 16% scientific and specialist literature. With the rise of social democracy and the trade unions , there was an increasing number of political, agitational and propaganda literature from the labor movement in Germany . The last highlight of the proletarian workers' education made before the seizure of power of the Nazis in 1933 Marxist Workers schools (MACHINE) .

Union education

The works council seminars, in which works councils are trained to represent the interests of the employees, are a focus of the educational work of the unions .

The work of Oskar Negt has always been of great interest to the traditional training of workers in the trade unions . Negt is based on the so-called experience approach. Experiences are formed in practice, they are practical knowledge. Through learning processes, knowledge can be gained from one's own social situation, which sometimes leads to design. This approach is used in worker education e.g. B. in the educational leave seminars.

Work and life

Work and Life was founded in West Germany in 1948 by the DGB and its member unions and the adult education centers and has been supported equally by them ever since. In this hinge function, the organization of work and life took on the tasks of classic workers' education.

Educational leave

Educational leave is a special form of leave that is used for professional or political further education. It is often referred to as educational leave to avoid the impression of a vacation . He is also on special leave , e.g. B. for civic purposes, to distinguish (participation as election worker , testimony , etc.).

Unlike other forms of leave, educational leave is not regulated by federal law, even for employees . Instead, there are state laws in many federal states that give them the right to be granted educational leave. As a rule, these state laws assume a paid leave of absence of five working days per year. Currently, only around 1.5 to 2 percent of all employees actually exercise their right to educational leave.

From 1984 to 2004 there was a cooperation project at the Westphalian Wilhelms University between the working group for trade union education , founded in 1984 as an interdisciplinary project of the Institute for Sociology, and the Institute for Social Pedagogy. This supervised since 1985 in cooperation with the DGB Bildungswerk NRW seminars of study leave , by the Training Center for the Continuing Education Act Workers (AwbG) are offered. The majority of the members of the working group were students or former students of the University of Münster.

See also

literature

  • Dirk H. Axmacher : Adult Education in Capitalism. A contribution to the political economy of the training sector in the FRG. Frankfurt a. M. 1974, ISBN 3-436-01837-6
  • Alexander Alexandrowitsch Bogdanow : Science and the working class. Makol, Frankfurt am Main 1971
  • Adolf Brock , Hans Dieter Müller, Oskar Negt (eds.): Arbeiterbildung. Sociological fantasy and exemplary learning in theory, criticism and practice Reinbek near Hamburg 1978, ISBN 3-499-17250-X
  • Adolf Brock, Oskar Negt , Nikolaus Richartz: Education, knowledge, practice. Contributions to workers' education as political education . 1990
  • Wilhelm Filla : Science for everyone - a contradiction? Knowledge transfer close to the population in Viennese modernism. A historical adult education center model Innsbruck 2001, ISBN 3-7065-1389-7
  • Oskar Negt : Sociological Fantasy and Exemplary Learning. On the theory of workers' education. Frankfurt a. M. 1968

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. On the founder of the Humboldt Academy, cf. Wolfgang Ayaß : Max Hirsch . Social liberal union leader and pioneer of adult education centers. Berlin 2013, (= Jewish miniatures 141).
  2. www.fes.de ( Memento of August 10, 2007 in the web archive archive.today ) Retrieved on September 27, 2015.
  3. ^ Everyman's Lexicon in 10 volumes, 1st volume, Hermann Klemm A.-G. Berlin-Grunewald 1929, p. 184
  4. Hans-Christian Mannschatz: In the beginning there was the Beygangs Museum in " Lending Libraries, Workers' Libraries, Bookhalls " of the Leipzig City and District Library 1989, ISSN 0863-2049, ISBN 3-86061-001-5
  5. Prize for Innovation in Adult Education 2007 German Institute for Adult Education , Collegium Leoninum (Bonn) , November 30, 2007
  6. Innovation Prize 2007