Paris convictions

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The Paris convictions of numerous theses of Averroism and Aristotelianism by the Bishop of Paris Étienne Tempier on 10 December 1270 and 7 March 1277 in response to "the penetration of Arabic philosophy at the Sorbonne " mark a high point in the discussion of the Augustinian - monastic theology with these philosophical currents of the High Middle Ages .

Prehistory at Paris University

Condemnation of 1270

Étienne Tempier condemned thirteen theses on December 10, 1270, without mentioning the names of those who spread these teachings.

The following are the heresies condemned and excommunicated by Mr. Stephen, Bishop of Paris, together with all who should knowingly teach or claim them, in the year of the Lord in 1270, on the Wednesday after the feast of St. Nicholas in winter.
  1. That the intellect of all people is one and the same in number.
  2. That the following is wrong or improper (said): A person understands.
  3. That the human will wants or chooses out of compulsion.
  4. That everything that happens here on earth is subject to the compulsion of heavenly bodies.
  5. That the world is eternal.
  6. That there never was a first human.
  7. That the soul ... passes when the body passes.
  8. That the soul separated after death does not suffer from physical fire.
  9. That free will is a passive, inactive faculty and that it is driven by what it strives for through compulsion.
  10. That God does not know single things.
  11. That God does not know anything else about himself.
  12. That human actions are not guided by Divine Providence.
  13. That God cannot give immortality or immortality to a mortal or perishable thing.
For they say that this is true according to philosophy, but not according to the Catholic faith, as if these two were opposing truths and as if against the truth of the Holy Scriptures there was truth in sentences of damned pagans, of which it is written: 'I will destroy the wisdom of the wise '(1 Cor 1:19), because true wisdom destroys false wisdom. That such (philosophers) heed the advice of the wise man who said: 'Only those who are capable answer your fellow man, if not, put your hand on your mouth' (Sir 5:12). So that careless speech does not lead simple-minded people into error, we forbid such and similar things and condemn them completely, after the joint advice of Doctors of the Holy Scriptures and other clever men; We excommunicate all those who proclaim the mentioned heresies or any of them as dogma or who somehow plan to defend or assert them, as well as their listeners, if they do not want to discover themselves to the Chancellor of the University within seven days (...).

Condemnation of 1277

On November 23, 1276, the inquisitor Simon du Val summoned the former teachers of the artist faculty in Paris ( Siger von Brabant , Gosvin von La Chapelle and Bernier von Nivelles) to his tribunal. On January 18, 1277 Tempier was by Pope John XXI. asked to investigate rumors of renewed heresy at the University of Paris. Tempier called together a theological commission, which Heinrich von Gent also belonged.

On March 7, 1277, Tempier published a syllabus of 219 theses that were discussed at the artist faculty. They concern philosophical and theological topics such as the scientific character of theology, the knowledge of God, divine knowledge, the omnipotence of God, the will of God, the freedom of human will, the immortality of the soul, the Eucharist , moral teaching , angelology and cosmology .

Prologue to the decree

The teaching of the 219 theses is made subject to excommunication and the double truth is condemned: They say that these false doctrines are true in the sense of philosophy, but not in the sense of the Catholic faith, as if there were two, as it were, opposing truths .

In addition, a three-volume work De amore on courtly love, a book on geomancy and writings on necromancy , the customs of wizards , devil worship and incantations that endanger the soul are banned.

Adjustments after 1277

  • The two condemnations of 1270 and 1277 were combined with the condemnation of the Parisian bishop William of Auvergne of 1241 and that of the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Kilwardby of 1277 to the collection " Collectio errorum in Anglia et Parisius condemnatorum ".
  • Among the 219 theses are some didactic pieces by Thomas Aquinas. To prevent his condemnation, Gottfried von Fontaines asked in a Quaestio quodlibetalis in 1296 whether Tempier's successor would commit a sin if he did not correct his syllabus due to its shortcomings. After the canonization of Thomas Aquinas in 1323, the Parisian bishop Etienne Bourret corrected the list of errors in 1325.

Effects

  • Double truth: the condemnation text from 1277 handed down what should not be thought by church decree . As a result, philosophy increasingly freed itself from the influence of theology , among others with Wilhelm von Ockham .
  • The French physicist and science historian Pierre Duhem viewed the condemnations as the date of birth of modern science , because Aristotelian physics with its horror vacui was rejected, thus creating space for modern natural science.
  • The convictions in Paris were described by the historian of philosophy Steenberghen as the “true pivot of the intellectual history of this era” and by Gilson as an epochal “landmark”.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , pp. 145 f.
  2. ↑ a b Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277. Context and meaning of the conflict over radical Aristotelianism ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sammelpunkt.philo.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Diploma thesis, Vienna 2005. Page 74
  3. ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 76
  4. ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 83: The 219 theses of the Paris syllabus
  5. ↑ Ne igitur incauta locutio simplices pertrahat in errorem, nos, tam doctorum sacrae scripturae, quam aliorum prudentium virorum communicato consilio districte talia et similia fieri prohibemus, et ea totaliter condempnamus, excommunicantes omnes illos qui dictos errores vel de aliquend exere ill sustinere praesumpserint quoquomodo, necnon et auditores, nisi infra VII dies nobis vel cancellario Parisiensi duxerint revelandum, nichilominus processuri contra eos pro qualitate culpae ad poenas alias, prout ius dictaverit, infligendas.
  6. ↑ Dicunt enim ea esse vera secundum philosophiam, sed non secundum fidem catholicam, quasi sint duae contrariae veritates
  7. ^ Librum etiam “De amore” sive “De Deo amoris” qui sic incipit: “cogit me multum, etc, et sic terminatur: cave igitur, Galtere, amoris exercere mandata, etc”; compare De amore in the online library Bibliotheca Augustana and: W. Maurice Sprague:  Andreas Capellanus. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 26, Bautz, Nordhausen 2006, ISBN 3-88309-354-8 , Sp. 31-42.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  8. ↑ item librum geomantiae qui sic incipit: Aestimaverunt Indi, etc. et sic terminatur: ratiocinare ergo super eum, et invenies, etc.
  9. ↑ item libros, rotulos seu quaternos nigromanticos aut continentes experimenta sortilegiorum, invocationes demonum, sive coniurationes in periculum animarum
  10. ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 97
  11. ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 86
  12. ↑ Steenberghen, quoted from Josef Pieper: Scholastik. dtv, Munich 1978, p. 116
  13. ^ Gilson: History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. 1955, quoted from Josef Pieper: Scholastik. dtv, Munich 1978, p. 116