Paris convictions
The Paris convictions of numerous theses of Averroism and Aristotelianism by the Bishop of Paris Étienne Tempier on 10 December 1270 and 7 March 1277 in response to "the penetration of Arabic philosophy at the Sorbonne " mark a high point in the discussion of the Augustinian - monastic theology with these philosophical currents of the High Middle Ages .
Prehistory at Paris University
- In 1204 Amalrich von Bena , who taught philosophy and theology, was given by Pope Innocent III. accused of heresy . Many Amalricans were sentenced in 1210 and ten of them were burned alive. The 4th Lateran Council condemned his teaching in 1215.
- In 1210, at the Paris Synod, Aristotle's writings on natural philosophy were banned from teaching at the faculty of artists .
- In 1215 the papal legate Robert von Courson forbade teaching the physics and metaphysics of Aristotle.
- In 1230, Averroes ' commentaries on Aristotle were read after Michael Scotus translated them from Arabic .
- In 1231 Pope Gregory IX forbade in a bull the physics of Aristotle until it has been examined and cleared of all suspicion of error.
- Albertus Magnus taught in Paris from 1243 to 1248 and dealt intensively with Aristotle.
- In the middle of the 13th century, the writings of Aristotle were prescribed as the basis of scholastic science at the artist faculty and as textbooks on March 19, 1255: Logic , Physics , De anima , Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics .
- Since 1267, the Franciscan teachers under their Minister General Bonaventura von Bagnoregio publicly complained against the theses of Aristotle and his contemporary interpreters such as Siger von Brabant .
- From 1269 to 1271 Thomas Aquinas taught in Paris and tried to mediate. He systematized theology using the means of Aristotelian philosophy.
- In 1270 Aegidius of Rome compiled a list of 95 false teachings of the philosophers .
Condemnation of 1270
Étienne Tempier condemned thirteen theses on December 10, 1270, without mentioning the names of those who spread these teachings.
- The following are the heresies condemned and excommunicated by Mr. Stephen, Bishop of Paris, together with all who should knowingly teach or claim them, in the year of the Lord in 1270, on the Wednesday after the feast of St. Nicholas in winter.
- That the intellect of all people is one and the same in number.
- That the following is wrong or improper (said): A person understands.
- That the human will wants or chooses out of compulsion.
- That everything that happens here on earth is subject to the compulsion of heavenly bodies.
- That the world is eternal.
- That there never was a first human.
- That the soul ... passes when the body passes.
- That the soul separated after death does not suffer from physical fire.
- That free will is a passive, inactive faculty and that it is driven by what it strives for through compulsion.
- That God does not know single things.
- That God does not know anything else about himself.
- That human actions are not guided by Divine Providence.
- That God cannot give immortality or immortality to a mortal or perishable thing.
- For they say that this is true according to philosophy, but not according to the Catholic faith, as if these two were opposing truths and as if against the truth of the Holy Scriptures there was truth in sentences of damned pagans, of which it is written: 'I will destroy the wisdom of the wise '(1 Cor 1:19), because true wisdom destroys false wisdom. That such (philosophers) heed the advice of the wise man who said: 'Only those who are capable answer your fellow man, if not, put your hand on your mouth' (Sir 5:12). So that careless speech does not lead simple-minded people into error, we forbid such and similar things and condemn them completely, after the joint advice of Doctors of the Holy Scriptures and other clever men; We excommunicate all those who proclaim the mentioned heresies or any of them as dogma or who somehow plan to defend or assert them, as well as their listeners, if they do not want to discover themselves to the Chancellor of the University within seven days (...).
Condemnation of 1277
On November 23, 1276, the inquisitor Simon du Val summoned the former teachers of the artist faculty in Paris ( Siger von Brabant , Gosvin von La Chapelle and Bernier von Nivelles) to his tribunal. On January 18, 1277 Tempier was by Pope John XXI. asked to investigate rumors of renewed heresy at the University of Paris. Tempier called together a theological commission, which Heinrich von Gent also belonged.
On March 7, 1277, Tempier published a syllabus of 219 theses that were discussed at the artist faculty. They concern philosophical and theological topics such as the scientific character of theology, the knowledge of God, divine knowledge, the omnipotence of God, the will of God, the freedom of human will, the immortality of the soul, the Eucharist , moral teaching , angelology and cosmology .
Prologue to the decree
The teaching of the 219 theses is made subject to excommunication and the double truth is condemned: They say that these false doctrines are true in the sense of philosophy, but not in the sense of the Catholic faith, as if there were two, as it were, opposing truths .
In addition, a three-volume work De amore on courtly love, a book on geomancy and writings on necromancy , the customs of wizards , devil worship and incantations that endanger the soul are banned.
Adjustments after 1277
- The two condemnations of 1270 and 1277 were combined with the condemnation of the Parisian bishop William of Auvergne of 1241 and that of the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Kilwardby of 1277 to the collection " Collectio errorum in Anglia et Parisius condemnatorum ".
- Among the 219 theses are some didactic pieces by Thomas Aquinas. To prevent his condemnation, Gottfried von Fontaines asked in a Quaestio quodlibetalis in 1296 whether Tempier's successor would commit a sin if he did not correct his syllabus due to its shortcomings. After the canonization of Thomas Aquinas in 1323, the Parisian bishop Etienne Bourret corrected the list of errors in 1325.
Effects
- Double truth: the condemnation text from 1277 handed down what should not be thought by church decree . As a result, philosophy increasingly freed itself from the influence of theology , among others with Wilhelm von Ockham .
- The French physicist and science historian Pierre Duhem viewed the condemnations as the date of birth of modern science , because Aristotelian physics with its horror vacui was rejected, thus creating space for modern natural science.
- The convictions in Paris were described by the historian of philosophy Steenberghen as the “true pivot of the intellectual history of this era” and by Gilson as an epochal “landmark”.
literature
- Josef Pieper : Scholasticism. dtv, Munich 1978, pp. 116-123.
- Bernd Goebel : Tempier, Étienne (Stephanus von Orléans). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 22, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, ISBN 3-88309-133-2 , Sp. 1332-1339.
Web links
- Entry in Edward N. Zalta (Ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
- Diploma thesis Peter Grabher (2005): The Paris conviction of 1277 (PDF; 3.0 MB; 136 pages) Collection point archive: Meta-data sheet
- Decree of March 3, 1277: Opiniones ducentae undeviginti Sigeri de Brabantia, Boetii de Dacia aliorumque, a Stephano episcopo Parisiensi de consilio doctorum Sacrae Scripturae condemnatae 1277. Martii. Parisiis. ( Memento of December 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Prologue and catalog of the 219 heresies, Latin)
Remarks
- ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , pp. 145 f.
- ↑ a b Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277. Context and meaning of the conflict over radical Aristotelianism ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Diploma thesis, Vienna 2005. Page 74
- ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 76
- ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 83: The 219 theses of the Paris syllabus
- ↑ Ne igitur incauta locutio simplices pertrahat in errorem, nos, tam doctorum sacrae scripturae, quam aliorum prudentium virorum communicato consilio districte talia et similia fieri prohibemus, et ea totaliter condempnamus, excommunicantes omnes illos qui dictos errores vel de aliquend exere ill sustinere praesumpserint quoquomodo, necnon et auditores, nisi infra VII dies nobis vel cancellario Parisiensi duxerint revelandum, nichilominus processuri contra eos pro qualitate culpae ad poenas alias, prout ius dictaverit, infligendas.
- ↑ Dicunt enim ea esse vera secundum philosophiam, sed non secundum fidem catholicam, quasi sint duae contrariae veritates
- ^ Librum etiam “De amore” sive “De Deo amoris” qui sic incipit: “cogit me multum, etc, et sic terminatur: cave igitur, Galtere, amoris exercere mandata, etc”; compare De amore in the online library Bibliotheca Augustana and: W. Maurice Sprague: Andreas Capellanus. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 26, Bautz, Nordhausen 2006, ISBN 3-88309-354-8 , Sp. 31-42.
- ↑ item librum geomantiae qui sic incipit: Aestimaverunt Indi, etc. et sic terminatur: ratiocinare ergo super eum, et invenies, etc.
- ↑ item libros, rotulos seu quaternos nigromanticos aut continentes experimenta sortilegiorum, invocationes demonum, sive coniurationes in periculum animarum
- ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 97
- ↑ Peter Grabher: The Paris condemnation of 1277 on page 86
- ↑ Steenberghen, quoted from Josef Pieper: Scholastik. dtv, Munich 1978, p. 116
- ^ Gilson: History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages. 1955, quoted from Josef Pieper: Scholastik. dtv, Munich 1978, p. 116