Pest of the little ruminants

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Hunched back and raised tail as a result of pain when defecating in a sheep with plague of small ruminants

The Peste des petits ruminants ( Pseudorinderpest , Peste des petits ruminants ) is a mainly in Africa occurring viral disease of small ruminants ( sheep and goats ). It is a notifiable animal disease . It is considered the "scourge of rural households" in many developing countries in Africa and Asia in the Middle East.

No cases have been observed in Europe so far, but there have been regular outbreaks in Turkey since 1999 , so there is a risk of introduction. In 2007, the first cases were detected in China. In the summer of 2008, numerous cases of the disease were observed for the first time in Morocco . This means that the natural obstacle in the form of the Sahara no longer protects. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Organization for Animal Health have set themselves the goal of eradicating the plague of small ruminants by 2030 - the second viral disease in animals after the rinder plague in 2011.

Pathogen

Plague-the-Little-Ruminant Virus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
Subphylum : Haploviricotina
Class : Monjiviricetes
Order : Mononegavirals
Family : Paramyxoviridae
Genre : Morbillivirus
Type : Plague-the-Little-Ruminant Virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (-) ss RNA linear
Baltimore : Group 5
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Small ruminant morbillivirus
Short name
PPRV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 31604
ICTV Taxon History: 201851619

The causative agent of the plague of small ruminants is the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) from the genus Morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae , order Mononegavirales ). Antigenetically , it is closely related to the rinderpest virus .

The transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with virus-contaminated excretions from infected animals.

Clinical picture

Stomatitis

The disease is largely similar to rinderpest . The incubation period is about five days. The illness begins with fever and unwillingness to eat . Soon after, a necrotic inflammation of the oral mucosa , nasal and eye discharge and finally severe diarrhea develop .

The plague of small ruminants is usually more dramatic in goats than in sheep and kills about 90% of goat lambs. The general mortality rate varies between 10 and 90%. In cattle , the virus triggers a subclinical disease. Even wild and domestic pigs can suffer; with them the disease is usually mild and not very contagious.

diagnosis

In endemic areas , a suspected diagnosis can already be made based on the clinical picture . It must by isolation and detection of the virus or by an increase in antibodies in the serum is confirmed. It can be differentiated from the rinderpest virus by means of a cross-neutralization test.

Combat

Like rinderpest, the pest of small ruminants is notifiable. Outside of the endemic areas, no treatments are carried out, but infected animals are culled.

A specific vaccine exists and is used successfully in the endemic areas. Vaccines against rinderpest also showed good immunity development, but these may no longer be used since their eradication in 2011.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b The plague of the small ruminants is to be exterminated. In: Dt. TAB. 65, issue 5, 2015, p. 643.
  2. ↑ a b OIE (PDF; 351 kB)
  3. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  4. ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  5. ↑ C. Schulz, C. Fast, K. Schlottau, B. Hoffmann, M. Beer: Neglected Hosts of Small Ruminant Morbillivirus. In: Emerging infectious diseases. Volume 24, number 12, 12 2018, pp. 2334–2337, doi : 10.3201 / eid2412.180507 , PMID 30457523 , PMC 6256395 (free full text).

Web links

Commons : Plague of the Small Ruminants  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files