Sand pine
| Sand pine | ||||||||||||
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Sand pine ( Pinus clausa ) |
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| Pinus clausa | ||||||||||||
| ( Chapm. Ex Engelm. ) Vasey ex coffin. |
The sand pine ( Pinus clausa ) is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). In the southern United States, it occurs only in Florida and an adjacent area in Alabama .
description
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Habitus
Depending on the location, the sand pine grows as a shrub or as a broad-crowned tree and reaches heights of 23 to 26 meters, in rare cases up to 31.4 meters. The chest height diameter is between 51 and 66 centimeters. The tip of the crown is flattened. The trunk can be straight and upright to curved depending on the location. The branches are horizontal to slightly upright. The root system of the seedlings consists of numerous, very small lateral roots. There is no description of the root system of old trees.
bark
The bark is gray to gray-brown in the lower trunk area, in the upper part of the tree it is more reddish to red-brown and breaks open in plates. It becomes up to 1.5 centimeters thick. In the case of thin trunks, it is smooth and gray. The bark of the slender branches is purple to red-brown in color.
Wood
The yellowish heartwood is surrounded by a wide and light sapwood . The light wood is soft and brittle. The annual rings are clearly visible and the transition between early and late wood takes place abruptly. Resin canals are mainly found in early wood. The kiln density is around 0.38 g / cm³.
Foliage
Each short shoot has two deep green needles that are slightly rotated around the longitudinal axis. They stay on the tree for between three and four years. The flexible needles are 5 to 9 inches long and about 1 millimeter wide.
Flowers, cones and seeds
The sand pine becomes manable at around 5 years of age . The dark orange male cones are densely packed. The laterally inserted female cones have a strong stalk. The approximately symmetrical and short-stalked cones are 5 to 9 centimeters long, butt-egg-shaped. When ripe, they are dark yellow-brown in color. They are often arranged in several whorls . The seeds mature in around two years. With var. Immuginata they are released in September of the second year, while with var. Clausa the cones only open when exposed to great heat, for example in a forest fire. After the seeds are released, the cones are almost round. The almost triangular and winged seeds are about 6 millimeters long with seed wings. The average number of seeds per pin is at Pinus clausa var. Clausa 37 and Pinus clausa var. Immuginata 42. The thousand kernel weight is about 6 grams.
Distribution and location
The distribution area is divided into two sub-areas. The larger sub-area is located in central and eastern Florida between 26 and 30 ° north latitude. It covers around 100,000 hectares, a large part of which is in the Ocala National Forest near the city of Ocala . The remaining populations in Florida grow on a narrow strip along the east coast from St. Augustine south to Fort Lauderdale . The second and smaller sub-area covers around 40,000 hectares and extends from the coast of northwest Florida and southern Alabama from Apalachicola to Pensacola . These stocks extend up to 40 kilometers inland.
The sand pine is a species of light tree and grows in a climate that is characterized by hot, rainy summers and mild, relatively dry winters. The annual precipitation is between 1,350 and 1,520 mm. In the distribution area of Pinus clausa var. Clausa , an average of 50 to 75 mm of precipitation falls from April to October. The extreme temperatures are between −17 ° C and +42 ° C. Deep, well-drained and nutrient-poor sands are preferred. Favorable soil pH values are in the acidic to strongly acidic range. Pinus clausa var. Clausa usually forms brunette mixed stands with the basis of the depending forest fires opening of the pin Quercus virginiana ( Quercus virginiana ), which Myrtenblättrigen oak ( Quercus myrtifolia ), with Quercus chapmanii that saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ) and Persea borbonia . Since there is usually no herbaceous soil flora, lichens of the genus Cladonia cover the forest floor. The var. Immuginata forms unevenly aged and loosely structured mixed stands with the fork oak ( Quercus laevis ), Quercus incana and various Opuntia species.
Diseases and pests
Forest fires are the most important abiotic damage factor, especially in spring when the water content of the needles is low and the resin content is very high. The fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi attacks the roots of the sand pine and leads to severe losses in seedlings. The pine fire sponge ( Phellinus pini ) and Cronartium quercuum attack this species, but do not pose a threat. The two bark beetle species Ips calligraphus and Ips grandicollis mainly attack old trees of the var. Immuginata that have been weakened by drought or mechanical damage . Needle feeding by diprionidae the genus Neodriprion occurs in two varieties, especially in premolars stocks. The borer species Dioryctria amatella causes damage to cones and twigs.
use
The wood of the sand pine is mainly used for paper production. But it is also well suited as firewood. One kilogram of logs has a calorific value of around 19,900 kJ. The var. Immuginata is grown as a Christmas tree because of its short and densely needled branches .
Systematics
It was first described in 1877 as the variety Pinus inops var. Clausa Chapm. ex Engelm. by Alvan Wentworth Chapman in George Engelmann : Botanical Gazette , Volume 2, 10, page 125. The rank of a kind Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex coffin. received it from George Vasey in Charles Sprague Sargent : Report on the Forests of North America , Volume 9, page 199 in 1884 .
The plant species Pinus clausa belongs to the subsection Contortae from the section Trifoliae within the genus Pinus . It is closely related to Pinus virginiana .
Varieties
Of Pinus clausa two are used by some authors because of the two geographically separate distribution areas varieties distinguished:
- Pinus clausa (Chapm. Ex Engelm.) Vasey ex coffin. var. clausa , also known as the Ocala breed, occurs in central and eastern Florida in mostly pure stands of the same age. Old trees have many closed cones of different ages that only open after a forest fire. Hence the species name clausa, which means "closed".
- Pinus clausa var. Immuginata D.B.Ward , also known as the Chocta whatchee breed, occurs on the coast of northwest Florida and Alabama in mostly patchy and unevenly aged populations. The pins have a normal opening behavior.
swell
- Christopher J. Earle, 2019: Data sheet of Pinus clausa on The Gymnosperm Database . (engl.)
literature
- C. Frank Brockman: Trees of North America. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-58238-092-6 .
- Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of Conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 357-362 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Pinus clausa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ↑ Pinus clausa in the IUCN 2019-1 Red List of Endangered Species . Listed by: A. Farjon, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ↑ Pinus clausa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 19, 2019.
Web links
- Vascular Plants of the Americas : Pinus clausa at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis