Antler ferns

Antler ferns
	Platycerium holttumii , Epiphyte
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Potted fern family (Polypodiaceae)
Genre :	Antler ferns
Scientific name
	Platycerium
	Desv.

Platycerium is a genus of ferns in the Polypodiaceae family. The approximately 18 species of this genus are knownas antler ferns due to the pinnate or simply pinnate shape of their fertile fronds . Antler fern species grow epiphytically and are native to the tropical regions of South America , Africa , Southeast Asia , Australia and New Guinea . Antler ferns are characterized by a striking heterophyllie .

description

Illustration of some species of platycerium

With the sporophytes (fully grown plants) fronds and roots grow from a short rhizome . There are two different types of fronds: The shield-shaped or kidney-shaped mantle or niche leaves are sterile; they nestle against the substrate and protect roots and rhizomes from damage and drying out. New niche leaves are created at regular intervals; Existing, dead niche fronds remain on the rhizome and are covered by the regrowing ones. In some species this forms an open crown in which water and humus can collect. A fully formed antler fern can reach a size of more than a meter. Some antler ferns grow solitary with only one rhizome. Other species form colonies either through branching of the rhizome or the formation of new rhizomes from root tips. Under suitable conditions, spores can germinate on surrounding trees.

The spore-bearing fronds, on the other hand, stand out from the ground or grow out of the plant hanging from the rhizome; they are elongated and divided at the top, which gives them their antler-like appearance. The spores are formed in the sporangia , which are usually arranged in large sori on the entire underside of the leaf or parallel to the arch formed by the frond tips.

The gametophytes of the antler ferns form small, heart-shaped thalli .

Location

Some species are well adapted to arid environments, Platycerium veitchii is a CAM plant ; the Crassulaceae acid metabolism developed in these plants increases their resistance to drought.

Platycerium angolense

Platycerium bifurcatum

Triangle antler fern ( Platycerium stemaria )

Magnificent antler fern ( Platycerium superbum )

Systematics

The genus Platycerium was established in 1827 by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, Volume 6, p. 213. The lectotype species was Platycerium alcicorne Desv. determined by Pfeiffer in nom. 2, p. 746.

The genus Platycerium comprises four natural groups.

Platycerium alcicorne Desv. : It occurs in Mozambique and Madagascar.
Platycerium andinum Baker : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru .
Platycerium angolense Welw. ex Baker (Syn .: Platycerium elephantotis Schweinf. ): It occurs in tropical Africa.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr .: It occurs in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland .
Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex OF Müll.) Desv. : It occurs in Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , the Philippines , Thailand , Myanmar and Vietnam .
Platycerium ellisii Baker : This endemic occurs in Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina .
Large antler fern ( Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze ): It occurs in the Philippines.
Platycerium hillii T. Moore (Also referred to as a variety var. Hillii (T. Moore) Domin to Platycerium bifurcatum ). It occurs in Queensland and New Guinea .
Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman : It was first described by Thailand and Indochina.
Platycerium madagascariense Baker : It occurs in Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina.
Platycerium quadridichotomum (Bonap.) Tardieu : This endemic occurs in Madagascar only in Ankarana, Bemaraha, Bemarivo, Montagne d'Ambre including Fôret d'Ambre.
Platycerium ridleyi Christ : It occurs in Malaysia , Sumatra and Kalimantan .
Triangle antler fern ( Platycerium stemaria (P. Beauv.) Desv. ): It occurs in tropical Africa .
Magnificent antler fern ( Platycerium superbum de Jonch. & Hennipman ): It occurs in Queensland .
Platycerium veitchii (Underw.) C. Chr. (Syn .: Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Veitchii (Underw.) Hennipman & MC Roos ): It occurs in Queensland.
Platycerium wallichii Hook. : It occurs in eastern India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar and western Yunnan .
Platycerium wandae Racib. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Platycerium willinckii T. Moore (Also referred to as a subspecies subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & MC Roos to Platycerium bifurcatum ). It occurs on Sulawesi and Java .

literature

Zhang Xianchun, Michael G. Gilbert: Platycerium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .
Eduard Strasburger (founder), Peter Sitte (editor), Elmar W. Weiler, Joachim W. Kadereit, Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Körner (authors): Textbook of botany for universities . 35th edition. Spectrum, Heidelberg / Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1010-X .

Individual evidence

^ E. Hennipman, MC Roos: A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae). In: Negotiations of the Koninklijke Nederlands Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks. 80, 1982, pp. 1-126.
↑ JAM Holtum, K. Winter: Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns. In: Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. Volume 26, 1999, pp. 749-757.
^ Platycerium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved September 12, 2016.
↑ H. Kreier, H. Schneider: Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae). In: Am. J. Bot. Volume 93, 2006, pp. 217-225.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Platycerium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Platycerium at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
↑ Walter Erhardt among others: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2, pages 1638-1639. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
↑ Zhang Xianchun, Michael G. Gilbert: Platycerium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .

Web links

Commons : Antler Ferns ( Platycerium ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Species overview with photographs at golatofski.de - The plant kingdom .
Species overview on the homepage of Andrea and Friedrich A. Lohmüller.
Detailed descriptions of the different species at The Platycerium site.
Platycerium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

[1] E. Hennipman, MC Roos: A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae). In: Negotiations of the Koninklijke Nederlands Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks. 80, 1982, pp. 1-126.

[2] JAM Holtum, K. Winter: Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns. In: Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. Volume 26, 1999, pp. 749-757.

[Tropicos-3] Platycerium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved September 12, 2016.

[4] H. Kreier, H. Schneider: Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae). In: Am. J. Bot. Volume 93, 2006, pp. 217-225.

[GRIN-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Platycerium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 12, 2016.

[CoVPoMadagascar-6] Platycerium at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

[Zander2008-7] Walter Erhardt among others: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2, pages 1638-1639. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7

[FoC-8] Zhang Xianchun, Michael G. Gilbert: Platycerium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .