Large-flowered Braunelle
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Large-flowered Braunelle ( Prunella grandiflora ) |
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| ( L. ) Turra |
The Prunella grandiflora , Large Braunelle or large-Brunelle ( Prunella grandiflora ) is a plant of the genus Accentors ( Prunella ) in the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae). The natural home is mainly large parts of Europe .
description
Appearance and foliage leaf
The large-flowered Braunelle grows as a perennial herbaceous plant . The short, thick to very elongated basic axis emerged from the mostly perennial primary shoot. This hemicryptophyte forms a short rhizome as a persistent organ. The green parts of the plant are loosely covered with white limb hair. The ascending stem , more or less 10 to 30 cm long, is usually simple, grooved between the strongly protruding collenchymal ridges and often colored more or less purple by anthocyanin .
The leaves are initially heaped in rosettes . Two to six pairs of opposite leaves sit on the stems, the top of which is 1 to 5 cm away from the inflorescence. All leaves have clear, the lower up to 5 cm long petioles and ovate-lanceolate, about 3 to 5 cm long and 1 to 2 cm wide, rounded, short pointed, entire or very shallow notched leaf blades. The leaf blades are loosely hairy on both sides and have three or four pairs of arched pinnate veins.
Inflorescence, flower and fruit
In about 3 to 5 cm long, egg-shaped, head-shaped pseudo- annual inflorescences are pseudo-whorled partial inflorescences with usually four to six flowers. The pseudo-whorls stand in the axilla of kidney-shaped-heart-shaped bracts, drawn out into a sharp point, mostly white-skinned and often lined with purple, rough ciliate bracts .
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals, which are only fused at their base, form a two-lipped, 10 to 16 (up to 17) mm long calyx, which is often reddish or purple in color. The calyx tube has a protruding vein and scattered hair. The three calyx teeth of the upper lip are similar; they are ovate-lanceolate with a length of 1 to 1.5 mm and have rounded, ciliate edges. The lower lip measures 7 to 12 mm, the two sharp keeled teeth are separated from each other by a gap up to 4.5 mm long.
The 20 to 25 mm (on the Iberian Peninsula 18 to 32 (up to 38 mm)) long crown is bald and only slightly hairy on the middle line of the upper lip. Mostly it is lively dark purple in color, sometimes more red-purple, rarely pink or white (then the stems, leaves and bracts are anthocyanin-free). The crown has an approximately 1.5 cm long, bent back, slightly widened corolla tube in front, an almost stem-like, 1 cm long, strongly arched upper lip and a slightly shorter, three-lobed lower lip with a fringed central lobe.
The stamens differ little among themselves; all have a rounded extension, no more than 0.5 mm long. The front stamens form unequal levers, the longer arms of which hit the nectar-collecting bumblebees with the pollen on the back (= nototrib ). The style does not emerge from the flower until the pollinating bumblebee leaves the flower.
The Klausen are about 2 mm long, rounded-egg-shaped and have a protruding umbilical surface.
The flowering time is mainly in the months of June to August, occasionally even later.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.
Distribution and location requirements
Prunella grandiflora occurs from Europe to the Caucasus: France , Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Central Russia, Urals , Caucasus , northern Asia Minor, the Balkans , northern Italy, Spain, Portugal.
In the limestone regions of Germany , Austria and Switzerland , the large-flowered brownelle is quite common. It is absent in the silicate areas and in the northwestern part of the North German Plain.
The large-flowered brown elk grows in moderately dry, poor meadows on clay and limestone soil. Occasionally this type of plant climbs up to the tree line: in Valais up to around 2400 m . In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises between Rubihorn and Gaishorn up to an altitude of 1880 meters.
Prunella grandiflora belongs to the southern European mountain range. The species requires a little more warmth and lime (but without being limestone) than Prunella vulgaris and, in contrast to this, avoids more heavily fertilized meadows. According to Ellenberg , this plant is an indicator of warmth and drought as well as a class of character of the limestone grasslands (Festuco-Brometea). But it also occurs in societies of the Geranion sanguinei or Erico-Pinion associations.
Taxonomy
The Basionym Prunella vulgaris var. Grandiflora L. was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . In 1775, Friedrich Adam Scholler recognized it as a separate species and renamed it Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler . However, already in 1764 Turra had in Giorn. Italia Sci. Nat. 1: 144 (1764) implemented the same view.
Bastardization
Prunella × dissecta
Prunella × dissecta
Prunella × dissecta
In this species, hybrids are found almost everywhere where two species meet or once met. In addition to Prunella grandiflora × Prunella laciniata = Prunella × dissecta Wender. (see also: White Braunelle ), Prunella grandiflora × Prunella vulgaris = Prunella × spuria Stapf also occurs. This hybrid form is usually more reminiscent of Prunella grandiflora . It can be recognized by the sitting or very short stalked ears and the smaller flowers. In the construction of the stem and the calyx it usually fluctuates between the parents.
The large-flowered brown ella has been identified as an ornamental plant since 1596 and is cultivated in several varieties, some of which bloom in white, carmine-pink or purple. Together with Prunella hastifolia it forms bread. the hybrid Prunella × webbiana , which became important as a garden plant.
use
The large-flowered brown ella is used as an ornamental plant in several varieties .
In some areas, the young leaves are prepared as a herb salad. The leaves should also contain a useful dye.
literature
- Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 4: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (4) (Labiatae - Solanaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-78021-3 , pp. 2382–2384 (unchanged reprint from 1927 with addendum).
- Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
- Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
- Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
- Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Ramón Morales: Prunella. In: Santiago Castroviejo, Ramón Morales, Alejandro Quintanar, Francisco José Cabezas, Antonio José Pujadas, Santos Cirujano (eds.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. XII. Verbenaceae - Labiatae - Callitrichaceae . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2010, ISBN 978-84-00-09041-8 , p. 445–451 ( floraiberica.es [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 4: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (4) (Labiatae - Solanaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-78021-3 , pp. 2382–2384 (unchanged reprint from 1927 with addendum).
- ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Prunella grandiflora. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 406.
- ↑ Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (= UTB for science. Large series . Volume 8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 .
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 799 .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 600 ( digitized version ).
- ^ [Friedrich Adam Scholler]: Flora barbiensis. In usum seminarii fratrum. Weidmann & Reich, Leipzig 1775, p. 140 (online).
Web links
- Large-flowered Braunelle. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Large-flowered Braunelle . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Braunelle data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
