Revolutionary People's Liberation Party Front

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Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi Revolutionary People's Liberation Party
Front
Logo of the Revolutionary People's Liberation Front (DHKC)Logo of the People's Revolutionary Liberation Party (DHKP)
founding 1994
Alignment Marxism-Leninism
Colours) Red Yellow

The Revolutionary People's Liberation Front ( Turkish: Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi or DHKP-C ) is a Marxist-Leninist underground organization in Turkey .

Its aim is to smash the state order in Turkey through an armed revolutionary act. It also uses terrorist methods in Turkey. Its general secretary was Dursun Karataş, who died in August 2008 . It is not known who is currently running the organization. The DHKP-C is on the list of terrorist organizations of the Council of the European Union and the State Department of the United States . It was founded in 1994 as the successor organization to Devrimci Sol . The name part "Partisi / Cephesi" (party front) describes the two parts of the organization. “Party” stands for the political wing, while “Front” describes the wing for militant operations.

Halk Cephesi ('Popular Front') is an association that can be assigned to the DHKP-C or has a close relationship with the DHKP-C. In addition to him there are other associations that can be assigned to the DHKP-C: Devrimci İşçi Hareketi ('Revolutionary Workers Movement'), the Devrimci Mücadelede Mühendis Mimarlar ('Engineers and Architects in Revolutionary Struggle') and the Gençlik Federasyonu ('Youth Federation', also Dev-Genç ). The Turkish authorities attribute İdil Kültür Merkezi ('Cultural Center İdil') in the Okmeydanı district of Istanbul and the band Grup Yorum . The organization is particularly well represented in the Sultangazi district of Istanbul .

history

prehistory

In 1971, Mahir Çayan founded the “ People's Liberation Party Front of Turkey ” (THKP-C) in Turkey , which later worked with the People’s Liberation Army of Turkey (THKO) founded by Hüseyin İnan and Deniz Gezmiş and the “ Communist Party of Turkey / Marxists Leninists ”(TKP / ML) organized and led the armed struggle in Turkey with the aim of a violent overthrow.

After Mahir Çayan was killed along with many other leading members of the THKP-C in a gun battle with Turkish security forces on March 30, 1972, the group split up. The group Dev-Genç , which was formed in 1969 and which developed into the group “ Revolutionary Way ” ( Devrimci Yol ) in 1977, oriented itself very much towards the THKP-C . Especially because of divergent ideas, many sympathizers and militant supporters left the Devrimci Yol again and founded a new politico-military organization with the " Revolutionary Left " ( Devrimci Sol ) in 1978 , which represented the views of Mahir Çayan and emerged as the legal successor of the THKP-C looked. The organization was badly hit with the military coup in Turkey on September 12, 1980 . It lost many of its sympathizers and leading cadres were arrested. But she was not completely crushed; she continued her fight in the prisons.

In 1993 the organization split into two factions. The split was not recognized by the large part of the Devrimci Sol under the leadership of Dursun Karataş and the opposing group under the leadership of Bedri Yağan was referred to as a coup. This finding led to armed clashes between the two wings, which also resulted in deaths, even though both had the same ideological bases and political goals. While the Devrimci Sol under the leadership of Dursun Karataş announced the establishment of the DHKP-C in 1994 and continued their armed actions, the other faction lost after Bedri Yağan's death, who was shot during a police operation in 1993, and was renamed “People's Liberation Party in 1994” -Front of Turkey “(THKP-C) strongly of political importance.

After the establishment

The DHKP-C caused a stir in 1996 with the murder of Özdemir Sabancıs and Haluk Görgüns . Both had held high positions in business. The secretary Nilgün Hasefe was also killed in this attack. In the same year, the DHKP-C and other Turkish left-wing organizations organized a hunger strike for better prison conditions, which ended with the death of twelve prisoners. On December 19, 2000, the security forces stormed all the prisons in which left-wing inmates were staying in order to end another hunger strike they had started against being transferred to the newly established Type F prisons . The storming of the prisons ended with the deaths of 28 prisoners and the transfer of the prisoners to type F prisons. The DHKP-C held a hunger strike for many years to have the prisons of this type closed. 122 people were killed in this hunger strike, the majority of whom were DHKP-C supporters.

On September 10, 2001, a DHKP-C supporter carried out a suicide attack in front of the German consulate general in Istanbul. Two Turkish police officers died and 20 people were injured.

In an unsuccessful attack in 2004, four people died in a public bus and numerous others were injured. The DHKP-C issued a statement saying that the bomb had unfortunately exploded early.

In 2012, the DHKP-C committed several attacks in Istanbul. The organization killed a police officer in a fire attack. In the Sultangazi district, she committed a suicide attack with an explosive belt and hand grenade. An assassin and a police officer died and seven people were injured. The DHKP-C also tried to execute the former fighter Asuman Akça with a shot in the head. Members of the organization attacked a guard in Bahcelievler / Istanbul and shot a policeman in the street. The organization claimed responsibility for the attacks.

In February 2013, the DHKP-C confessed to the suicide attack on the US Embassy in Ankara , in which, in addition to the assassin, a Turkish security guard was killed and a Turkish television journalist was seriously injured. In addition, two other guards suffered minor injuries. According to Turkish media reports, the attacker was a 40-year-old Turkish man who had come from Germany.

In early 2015, the organization confessed to a suicide bombing that it did not commit. The DHKP-C blamed communication problems for the false confession.

In March 2015, two members of the group held the public prosecutor Mehmet Selim Kiraz hostage in the central justice building in Istanbul. After nine hours, the police ended the hostage situation by force. The hostage-takers were killed. Kiraz died in hospital, he was the prosecutor in the Berkin Elvan case . In retrospect, there were expressions of solidarity for the hostage-takers. The police responded with numerous arrests.

In April 2015, a member of the DHKP-C attacked a police station and was shot dead by the police shortly afterwards.

The DHKP-C attacked the US consulate in Istanbul in early August 2015. Two people opened fire. In mid-August 2015, she confessed to a shootout in front of Dolmabahçe Palace .

In May 2017, the police shot and killed 18-year-old Sıla Abalay while searching her house. The authorities accused her of participating in an attack on Evliya Çalışkan in December 2016, which was investigating journalist Can Dündar , among others .

Activities in Germany

In Germany, the DHKP-C is organized through associations whose statutes do not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the organization. The solidarity association with political prisoners and their families in Turkey (TAYAD), the Anatolian Federation e. V. Cologne and the Association of Anatolian Folk Culture Associations e. V. are referred to by the Protection of the Constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia as being closely related to the DHKP-C.

The DHKP-C is monitored by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and has been rated in Germany since August 13, 1998 as a substitute organization for the Devrimci Sol , which was banned in 1983 , and is thus included in the earlier ban. A legal challenge of the DHKP-C from this equation has been approved by the Federal Administrative Court on 1 February 2000 the last instance rejected.

Gülaferit Ünsal was arrested in Greece on October 21, 2011 and subsequently extradited to the German authorities. The Federal Public Prosecutor's Office accused Ünsal of running the DHKP-C in Europe from August 2002 to August 2008 and of having organized revenues of more than one million euros. The indictment under sections 129b and 129a of the Criminal Code was the first trial of its kind in Berlin. In this trial, Ünsal was sentenced to six and a half years in prison.

The Federal Ministry of the Interior issued a ban on the production and distribution of the publication “Yürüyüs”. It maintains the organizational cohesion of the DHKP-C, contrary to the final organizational ban of the Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi (DHKP-C) of August 6, 1998.

In 2007 the DHKP-C had 650 members nationwide.

Publications

  • Tavır (posture)
  • Karbala (after a place in Iraq )
  • Kültür Adası (Culture Island)
  • Yürüyüş (March) - weekly magazine published since May 2005

Activities in Belgium

There is a Turkish extradition request against the activist Bahar Kimyongür , which has not yet been granted.

Activities in France

In France, in December 2013, 15 members were sentenced to between two years and six months and seven years in prison.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Constitutional Protection North Rhine-Westphalia : Constitutional Protection Report of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia for 2007 . P. 61 ff.
  2. ↑ Council Decision 2012/333 / CFSP of 25 June 2012 updating the list of persons, associations and entities to which Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931 / CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat Terrorism apply and repeal Decision 2011/872 / CFSP . In: Official Journal of the European Union . L 165, June 26, 2012, p. 0072–0074 ( online at EUR-Lex ).
  3. ↑ Foreign Terrorist Organizations . US Department of State, Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs, Bureau of Counterterrorism, September 28, 2012.
  4. ↑ Unutalım gitsin ( Memento from July 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Taraf from April 19, 2011 (Turkish)
  5. ↑ 7 days ... Istanbul. NDR, accessed on March 22, 2017 .
  6. ↑ Chronology: Terrorist Attacks in Istanbul , N24 , accessed on April 15, 2009.
  7. ↑ Peter Nowak : City in fear. heise online , June 27, 2004, accessed April 15, 2009.
  8. ↑ Suicide attack in Istanbul. In: n-tv , September 11, 2012.
  9. ↑ 25 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Asuman Akça savaşçılarımız tarafından başından vurularak cezalandırılmış ve ihanetinin hesabını devrimci adalete vermiştir. ( Memento from January 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: halkinsesi.tv , October 29, 2012 (Turkish).
  10. ↑ Adaletsizliğin Hesabi Sorulacak Hep Bu Sebebin. ( Memento from December 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: halkinsesi.tv , December 10, 2012 (Turkish).
  11. ↑ Yaralı Savaşçılarımıza İşkence Yapmaktan Vazgeçin! ( Memento from December 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: halkinsesi.tv , December 12, 2012 (Turkish).
  12. ↑ The perpetrator is said to have entered from Germany. ( Memento from February 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de ; Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  13. ↑ Seltem Iyigun, Nick Tattersall: Turkey says tests confirm leftist bombed US embassy. Reuters , February 2, 2013, accessed February 3, 2013.
  14. ↑ Left group withdraws confession - ( Memento from January 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau , January 10, 2015
  15. ^ Public prosecutor dies after being taken hostage in Istanbul In: Berliner Zeitung , March 31, 2015
  16. ↑ Fatal hostage-taking in Istanbul: Why is there so much support for the perpetrators? In: VICE , April 2, 2015
  17. ↑ Further arrests . In: taz , April 3, 2015
  18. ↑ Terror in Turkey: Left-wing extremists want to be responsible for attacks. Spiegel Online , August 10, 2015, accessed August 10, 2015 .
  19. ^ Raids against left-wing extremists in Turkey In: Handelsblatt , August 20, 2015
  20. ↑ Senior DHKP-C terrorist who attacked prosecutor shot dead during anti-terror op . In: DailySabah . ( dailysabah.com [accessed May 6, 2017]).
  21. ↑ State Office for the Protection of the Constitution Baden-Württemberg : History of the DHKP-C . September 12, 2006.
  22. ^ Indictment against an alleged member of the DHKP-C . Website of the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  23. ^ Criticism of "Gesinnungsjustiz" In: die tageszeitung , December 20, 2012, accessed on December 26, 2012.
  24. ↑ Berlin judges sentenced Turkish terrorist to imprisonment . In: Berliner Morgenpost , May 16, 2013.
  25. ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior: Announcement of a ban on associations against the magazine Yürüyüs from April 10, 2015 ( BAnz AT May 6, 2015 B1 )
  26. ↑ Imprisonment for the accused. trtdeutsch.com, December 18, 2013.