Rhodiola

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Rhodiola
Subgenus Rhodiola: Rhodiola heterodonta

Subgenus Rhodiola : Rhodiola heterodonta

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae)
Subfamily : Sempervivoideae
Tribe : Umbiliceae
Genre : Rhodiola
Scientific name
Rhodiola
L.

Rhodiola is a genus of plants belonging tothe thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae). The botanical name of the genus is derived from the Greek word "rhodon" for rose and the Latin diminutive "-iola" and refers to theroots that smell of roses .

description

The species of the genus Rhodiola are upright to creeping, perennial herbaceous plants. They have well-defined, massive or slender rhizomes . Foliage leaves and / or scale leaves sit near the shoot tips . The simple, mostly flat leaves are herbaceous to somewhat fleshy and are arranged alternately.

The annual, sometimes somewhat persistent, unbranched flower shoots appear from the axils of the scale leaves , rarely also from the axils of the basal leaves. The terminal inflorescence is usually zymose or reduced to single flowers . It is seldom grape. Mostly leafy bracts are present. The stalked, hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are four to five-fold (rarely six-fold) and obdiplostemon . In dioecious species, petals and ovaries face each other in male plants , while in female plants they alternate. In the monoecious and hermaphrodite species, petals and ovaries are always opposite. The fleshy calyx is formed in female plants as a tube with 4 to 5 (rarely 6) more or less equal tips. The white, reddish, deep purple or light yellow to greenish petals are not fused together. In female plants, they are always longer than the sepals. The anthers are mostly basifix, d. that is, they are fused with the stamens at the base. The nectar flakes are linear-oblong to semicircular. The carpels of the upper to semi-lower ovary are usually fused together at the base. The pen is slim, the scar terminal and papillat and the ovule anatrop.

The fruit is a dry follicle fruit . The somewhat spindle-shaped, brownish and longitudinally striped seeds contained therein are smaller than 3 millimeters.

Systematics and distribution

Subgenus Primuloides : Rhodiola pachyclados
Subgenus Primuloides : Rhodiola pachyclados
Subgenus Crassipedes : Rhodiola dumulosa
Subgenus Clementsia : Rhodiola rhodantha
Subgenus Rhodiola : Rhodiola angusta
Subgenus Rhodiola : Rhodiola heterodonta
Subgenus Rhodiola : Rhodiola integrifolia
Subgenus Rhodiola : Rose root ( Rhodiola rosea ) in Canada
Subgenus Rhodiola : Rose root ( Rhodiola rosea )

The genus Rhodiola is common in Europe, Siberia, East Asia and North America, especially in subarctic and alpine areas.

The first description was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . According to Hideaki Ohba (* 1943), the genus Rhodiola is subdivided into four sub-genera with the following sections and species:

  • Subgenus Primuloides (Praeger) H.Ohba
    • Section Hobsonia (H.Ohba) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola hobsonii (Prain ex Raym.-Hamet) SH Fu : It occurs in Bhutan, Sikkim and in Xizang at altitudes between 2600 and 4100 meters above sea level.
    • Section Primuloides (Praeger) SHFu
      • Rhodiola handelii H.Ohba : It is only known from the collection of types in Sichuan.
      • Rhodiola humilis Fu : It occurs in Nepal, Sikkim, Qinghai and Xizang at altitudes between 3900 and 4500 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola pachyclados (Aitch. Ex Hemsl.) H. Ohba ; Home: Afghanistan
      • Rhodiola primuloides (Franch.) SH Fu : It occurs in southeastern Qinghai, southwestern Sichuan, southern Xizang and western Yunnan at altitudes between 2500 and 4400 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola primuloides subsp. kongboensis H.Ohba
        • Rhodiola primuloides subsp. primuloides
      • Rhodiola saxifragoides (Fröd.) H.Ohba
    • Section Smithia (H.Ohba) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola smithii (Raym.-Hamet) SH Fu : It occurs in Sikkim and southern Xizang at altitudes between 4000 and 5000 meters above sea level.
  • Subgenus Crassipedes (Praeger) H.Ohba
    • Rhodiola algida (Ledeb,) fish. & CA Mey.
    • Rhodiola amabilis (H. Ohba) H.Ohba
    • Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia (H. Lév.) Fu : It occurs in southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan at altitudes between 3200 and 4200 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
      • Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia subsp. chrysanthemifolia
      • Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia subsp. liciae (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia subsp. sacra (Raym.-Hamet) H. Ohba
      • Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia subsp. sexifolia (Fu) H.Ohba
    • Rhodiola dumulosa (Franch.) Fu : It occurs in Bhutan, Myanmar and in China.
    • Rhodiola nepalica (H. Ohba) H.Ohba
    • Rhodiola sinuata (Royle ex Edgew.) Fu : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Xizang and in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3200 and 4300 meters above sea level.
    • Rhodiola staminea (O. Pauls.) SH Fu
    • Rhodiola stephanii Trautv. & CA Mey. : It occurs in Russia and China.
    • Rhodiola wallichiana (Hook. F.) SH Fu ; Home: Himalaya, West China, Tibet
  • Subgenus Rhodiola
    • Section Pseudorhodiola (Diels) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola yunnanensis (Franch.) SH Fu ; Origin: China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Hupeh, Schansi), with the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola yunnanensis subsp. forrestii (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba
        • Rhodiola yunnanensis subsp. yunnanensis
    • Section Rhodiola
      • Rhodiola alsia (Fröd.) SH Fu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang at altitudes between 3400 and 4800 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola alsia subsp. alsia
        • Rhodiola alsia subsp. kawaguchii H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola angusta Nakai : It occurs in Russia, Korea and the Chinese province of Heilongjiang .
      • Rhodiola atsaensis (Fröd.) H.Ohba : It occurs in India and in the Chinese province of Xizang .
      • Rhodiola bupleuroides (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Fu : It occurs in Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang at altitudes between 2400 and 5700 meters above sea level. With the varieties:
        • Rhodiola bupleuroides var. Bupleuroides
        • Rhodiola bupleuroides var. Parva (Fröd.) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola calliantha (H. Ohba) H.Ohba : It occurs in Nepal and Xizang .
      • Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. F. & Thomson) H.Ohba : It occurs in Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan at altitudes between 2800 and 5600 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola cretinii (Raym.-Hamet) H. Ohba : It occurs in Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, northeast India, northwest Yunnan and Xizang at altitudes between 3700 and 4400 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola cretinii subsp. cretinii
        • Rhodiola cretinii subsp. sinoalpina (Fröd. ex Hand.-Mazz.) H. Ohba
      • Rhodiola discolor (Franch.) Fu : It occurs in Nepal, Sikkim, in western Sichuan, in southeastern Xizang and in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2800 and 4300 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook. F. & Thomson) Boriss. ; Home: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, West Himalayas, Tibet, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Xinjiang and Xizang at altitudes between 2800 and 4700 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola hookeri Fu
      • Rhodiola imbricata Edgew.
      • Rhodiola integrifolia Raf. ; Origin: Arctic, Siberia, Alaska, Canada, USA, with the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola integrifolia subsp. integrifolia
        • Rhodiola integrifolia subsp. leedyi (Rosend. & JW Moore) Kartesz
        • Rhodiola integrifolia subsp. neomexicana (Britton) H.Ohba
        • Rhodiola integrifolia subsp. procera (RT Clausen) card
      • Rhodiola ishidae (Miyabe & Kudô) Hara
      • Rhodiola junggarica Chang Y. Yang & NR Cui : It occurs in western Xinjiang at altitudes between 2500 and 2700 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola kirilowii (rule) rule ex Maxim. ; Home: China, Myanmar, Kazakhstan.
      • Rhodiola lobulata (Singh & Bhattacharyya) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola ludlowii H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola macrocarpa (Praeger) Fu : It occurs in Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi , Sichuan, southeastern Xizang and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2900 and 4300 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola marginata Grierson
      • Rhodiola purpureoviridis (Praeger) Fua : It occurs in western Sichuan, southern Xizang and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2500 and 4100 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola purpureoviridis subsp. phariensis (H. Ohba) H.Ohba
        • Rhodiola purpureoviridis subsp. purpureoviridis
      • Rose root ( Rhodiola rosea L. ); Home: Europe, Siberia, Amur region, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Mongolia, Himalayas, China, Canada, Greenland
      • Rhodiola serrata H.Ohba : It occurs in India and in southern Xizang at altitudes between 3300 and 3800 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola sherriffii H.Ohba : It occurs in Bhutan, Sikkim and Xizang at altitudes between 4000 and 5000 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola subopposita (Maxim.) H. Jacobsen : It occurs in the provinces of Gansu and northeastern Qinghai at altitudes between 3800 and 4100 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola tangutica (Maxim.) SH Fu : It occurs in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan at altitudes between 2100 and 4700 meters above sea level.
    • Section Prainia (H.Ohba) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola prainii (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba : It occurs in northeast India, in Nepal, Sikkim and in Xizang at altitudes between 2200 and 4300 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola stapfii (Raym.-Hamet) Fu : It occurs in northeast India, in Bhutan and in southern Xizang at altitudes between 2900 and 5000 meters above sea level.
    • Section Chamaerhodiola (Fischer) CAMeyer
      • Rhodiola atuntsuensis (Praeger) Fu
      • Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Kashmir, northwest India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang and northwest Yunnan at altitudes between 200 and 5300 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola coccinea subsp. coccinea
        • Rhodiola coccinea subsp. scabrida (Franch.) H. Ohba
      • Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook. F. & Thomson) Fu : It occurs in Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim, in Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan at altitudes between 3500 and 5400 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola gelida Schrenk : It occurs in Russia, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Xinjiang at altitudes between 2800 and 4200 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) Fu : It occurs in Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and in China at altitudes between 2600 and 4200 meters above sea level. With the subspecies:
        • Rhodiola himalensis subsp. bouvieri (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba
        • Rhodiola himalensis subsp. himalensis
        • Rhodiola himalensis subsp. taohoensis (Fu) H.Ohba
      • Rhodiola kashgarica Boriss. : It occurs in Kazakhstan and southwestern Xinjiang at altitudes between 2600 and 3200 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola litwinovii Boriss. : It occurs in Uzbekistan , Mongolia and Xinjiang .
      • Rhodiola nobilis (Franch.) Fu : It occurs in Myanmar and northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 3700 and 4500 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola pamiroalaica Boriss. : It occurs in Tajikistan and western Xinjiang at altitudes between 2400 and 2800 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola quadrifida (Pallas) fish. & CA Mey. ; occurs in Europe only in the Urals. In Asia it occurs in Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang at altitudes between 2300 and 3700 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola recticaulis Boriss. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Iran and Xinjiang at altitudes between 3800 and 4600 meters above sea level.
      • Rhodiola tibetica (Hook. F. & Thomson) Fu : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and in southwestern Xizang at altitudes between 4100 and 5400 meters above sea level.

proof

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Species Plantarum . Volume 2, p. 1035. Stockholm 1753, online
  2. ↑ Hideaki Ohba: Rhodiola . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, pp. 218-236
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Kunjun Fu, Hideaki Ohba & Michael G. Gilbert: Crassulaceae Candolle. In: Flora of China, vol. 8, Crassulaceae. Rhodiola
  4. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 12 (Resedaceae to Platanaceae). Page 125, Helsinki 1999. ISBN 951-9108-12-2

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